233 
1909-10.] Reproductive Organs in the Free-Martin. 
tubes, with a canalicular structure. The testes are thus seen at g, and at h 
rudimentary portions of the Wolffian body. 
Spiegelberg considers this to be a case of transverse hermaphroditism 
in a bull calf, the upper part being male and the lower female in type. He 
summarises the literature carefully, and concludes that “ if the twins are 
both female or of a different sex, their sexual organs are, as a rule, well 
developed ; if both male, then frequently one is hermaphrodite. (“ Sind die 
Zwillinge weiblich oder verschiedenen Geschlechts, so sind ihre Geschlechts- 
organe in der Regel wohlgebildet ; sind sie beide mannlich, so ist sehr 
haufig das eine derselben ein Hermaphrodit ” (op. cit., S. 130).)* 
Spiegelberg quotes Numan’s article in the Journal Veterinaire et 
Agricole de Belgique par Brognier, etc., annee 1844, as a valuable contribu- 
tion. This it' undoubtedly is, as I have found on studying it.]* 
The summary given by Spiegelberg of Numan’s conclusions is as 
follows : — 
(1) If a cow has twins of different sex the female calf has almost in- 
variably incompletely developed organs and is sterile. 
(2) This fact based on observations has exceptions, and cannot be 
considered as indicating an exclusive law. 
(4) The developmental error of the genitals does not happen exclusively 
to the female of similar twin couples, but occasionally to the male, 
and then the female is well developed : such cases are, however, 
rare. 
(5) Multiple births are frequent in cattle, and, so far as the female is con- 
cerned, are to be considered the most certain and constant cause 
of sterility ; the more so as the condition of the sexual organs 
* Case 2. — In this case Spiegelberg found the twins of different sex and normal. They 
evidently came from separate zygotes. 
t Numan’s monograph was entitled “ Verhandeling over de onvruchtbaren rundern 
bekend onder den naam van Kweewen,” etc., met 23 platen ; Utrecht, N. van der Monde, 
1843. This monograph is not accessible in this country, so far as 1 have been able to 
ascertain. It is translated in the Journal Veterinaire et Agricole de Belgique for 1844, and a 
copy of this was obtained by the Royal College of Physicians, Edinburgh. All the refer- 
ences to Numan’s plates are given, but unfortunately not the plates themselves. Numan 
figures nine specimens, of which six are the same as Hunter’s, but three show the sexual 
glands in the free-martin to be evident testes with the Mullerian element much less repre- 
sented. A rudimentary preputial sheath is present in the latter, so that the animal is very 
like a bull. Numan terms the six like John Hunter’s specimens “ Heifer Free-martins,” 
and the three remaining as “ Steer Free-martins.” He considers only the six as 
heifers, but all the nine are sterile bulls. He figures the vesiculse seminales in all, but 
considers them in the six heifers as diverticula of Gartner’s canal. In the points as to the 
sexual glands and vesiculse seminales he is in error, but his whole monograph is a very able 
and valuable one. 
