239 
1909-10.] Reproductive Organs in the Free-Martin. 
is thrown into this variety of free-martin. There are thus two varieties of 
hull free-martin, viz. John Hunter’s free-martin (so-called heifer free- 
martin) and Numan’s free-martin (steer free-martin). 
Before I knew of Numan’s paper, I saw that there should be also in 
Mendel’s scheme a free-martin with a potent female.* I could admit this 
as a possibility not yet demonstrated, hut Numan’s cases show its existence 
clinically, and indicate the value of the Mendelian scheme and the Owen- 
Weismann law in studying anomalous sex. This very rare occurrence 
is shown in the Mendelian scheme (diag. 2). We rarely get the following : — 
Diag. 2. Female sex gamete X Male non-sex gamete P 
II 
Female zygote F 1 
which if it twins 
may give 
D |— ' | B y 2 
Female with equivalent Female with non-potent 
soma and potent genital organs. genital organs (male type). 
One point not yet determined so far is as follows : — 
While the vaginal and uterine rudiments in the free-martin are un- 
doubtedly derived from the normal non-potent elements of the normal male 
segregated as a recessive element, as in F 2 of Mendel’s crossing pea-experi- 
ments, I am in doubt yet as to whether urinogenital sinus and the external 
genitals are derived from these or from a division of the soma. 
(3) Consideration of the View that the Free-Martin is a Hermaphrodite. 
I may remark here that the non-potent elements in the human genital 
tract vary in amount. Normally in the male we have only the prostatic 
utricle and hydatid testis (Mullerian), but occasionally we have the non- 
potent organs more extensive, producing a uterus and vagina in a male, as in 
Shepherd’s case. These are described as tubular or transverse herma- 
phrodites. They are not hermaphrodites at all, as no organism is herma- 
phrodite if the sexual glands are similar. Such anomalies are due to an 
excessive amount of the non-potent elements ; and as these are of the opposite 
sex type, they give rise to the idea of hermaphroditism. Free-martins thus 
are not hermaphrodite, and the term pseudo-hermaphrodite means nothing. 
(4) Summary and Literature. 
General Conclusions . — Nature can thus, in a very simple and effective 
way, sterilise an organism. The zygote, male or female, is, for this purpose, 
* As yet there is no actual anatomical demonstration, but Numan gives one of these. 
