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Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. [Sess. 
and long pasterns, and the face narrower and more deflected than in the 
Exmoor), the metacarpals are in length 7 times their width, and the pillar 
of the last premolar is shorter than that of the second molar. These traits 
indicate that in the grey New Forest pony the “ plateau” type prevailed. 
In the Barra pony (a 12 hands dark brown with slender limbs, only one 
small hind chestnut, but the ergots well developed), the face is longer and 
more deflected than in the Exmoor, the pillar of the first molar is shorter 
than in premolar 4 and molars 2 and 3, and the length of the metacarpal is 
7*20 times the width. These characters point to the Barra pony being a 
blend of the “ plateau ” and “ Siwalik ” ( Equus sivalensis) types. One of 
the Iceland ponies (a grey with a complete set of callosities) obviously 
belonged to the “ forest ” or Equus robustus type. Evidence of “ forest ” 
blood was afforded by the short broad dished face, by all six large cheek 
teeth having long pillars (fig. 23), by the metacarpals being in length only 
5*6 times their width, and by the presence of 6 lumbar and 18 caudal 
vertebrae. The other Iceland (a yellow dun with a fine small head, a short 
back, and a well-developed tail-lock) closely approached the ideal “ Celtic ” 
type. The face is as long and fine and nearly as much deflected, and the 
pillars of the last premolar and first molar are nearly as short, as in the 
12 '2 hands Newstead pony ; there are 5 lumbar and only 16 caudal vertebrse ; 
but the cannon bones in length are only 6 '8 times the width, and the hoof 
bones are relatively broad. 
A study of these pony skeletons and the skeleton of a small Arab made 
it highly probable that a typical representative of the small slender-limbed 
horse which lived in England along with the mammoth no longer survives. 
Having, by crossing Shetland, Jersey, and other breeds of cattle, 
produced a small ox with the horns, long frontal region, slender limbs, and 
probably also the colour of the Celtic shorthorn (Bos longifrons), it 
occurred to me that by crossing and selection I might re-create the Celtic 
pony of prehistoric times, perhaps even reproduce the small race repre- 
sented by the molars from Oreston. 
Ponies representing Exmoor, Welsh, Connemara, Barra, Shetland, Faroe, 
Iceland, Norse, Russian, Mongolian, Battak, Java, and Arab breeds were 
obtained and crossed in various ways. Of some forty crosses eventually 
produced, some belong to the robust “ forest ” type, some are a blend of the 
iC forest ” and “ plateau ” types, in others there is a suggestion of the 
Prjevalsky (“ steppe ”) type, while several in their limbs, teeth, and skull 
closely agree with the 122 hands Newstead pony. 
The results strongly suggest that the ponies of North-western Europe 
are mainly a blend of a coarse-limbed, broad-browed, short-faced race of the 
