SUMMARY. 
219 
Part 1 1 1. -CULTIVATION OF CHOPS. 
SUGAR (pp. 107-112). 
Soils and Situation. — A hot, moist climate and well-drained 
soil containing lime are suitable. 
Propagation. — By cuttings (usually called “plants”), set out 5 or 
6 feet apart. 
Work to be Done. — Ploughing or hoeing, to loosen soil and admit 
air and water. 
Burying weeds for green manure. 
Planting out. 
Weeding, while the plants are young. 
Light ploughing between rows, to let air into the soil. 
Trashing (except in dry weather), to allow air to circulate. 
Cutting. This takes place twelve or fourteen months after planting. 
Ratoons. — The stools or root-stocks left in the ground will send up 
fresh canes called ratoons. But a new supply of canes is desirable after 
the fifth year. 
The Sugar. — To obtain the sugar the following processes are ne- 
cessary — 
1. Crushing the cane, to obtain the juice. 
2. Clarifying the juice, by adding lime and heating. 
3. Defecating; removing the scum. 
4. Boiling ; to form a syrup by driving off the water. 
5. Striking ; passing it into flat, open coolers. 
6. Granulating ; the grains form as the syrup cools. 
7. Clearing from molasses; by draining, or by the action of centri- 
fugals. 
Rum. — This “spirit” is obtained by distillation after the liquid has 
fermented. 
Fermentation. Molasses, skimmings, water, and dunder are mixed 
and left to ferment, which causes the liquid to undergo a great change. 
Distillation. Vapour is driven off from the liquid by heat, and is then 
condensed by cold. The new liquid formed by the condensation is rum. 
COFFEE (pp. 113-117). 
Soil and Situation. — The long tap-root requires a deep soil, not 
clayey. Arabian coffee grows at elevations of from 2500 to 5000 feet. 
Liberian coffee does best in lowlands. 
