66 
Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. [Sess. 
talus or rainwash at the foot of the cliff, on which is a modern cemetery. It 
may be quite recent, and probably pathological.” Our work simply confirms 
Keane’s view that the Cannstatt skull is not that of primitive man at all, 
but belongs to a modern European type. Schwalbe (17) is apparently of 
the same opinion as ourselves ; at all events he is perfectly certain that the 
skull is that of a modern variety of Homo sapiens, for he concludes : “ Ich 
kann zum Schluss nur soviel sagen, dass das Schadelframent von Cannstatt 
einen Schadel angehort hat, der den bestentwickelten rezenten Schadeln in 
jeder Beziehung vergleichbar ist. Diesen Schadel als Typus einer niederen 
Rasse anzusehen, ist vollkommen unhaltbar.” 
The relative positions of the remaining primitive crania examined by us 
call for no comment, inasmuch as we have already shown as the results of 
our investigation that they fall into the very position hypothetically 
allocated to them by Schwalbe. 
Of the specimens of recent man, the Kalmuck, in Mr Cross’s figure, 
comes out lowest, on the minus side of the Tasmanian. He is thus 
morphologically inferior to the Tasmanian. This result may be due to 
the much more limited number of the Kalmuck specimens employed in 
the investigation as compared with the Tasmanian, or it may actually 
reflect the relative positions of the two races. 
Homo Mongolicus, to which the Kalmuck belongs, is a complex type 
composed of two main stems, the Mongolo-Tartars and the Tibeto-Indo- 
Chinese (Keane, 20). To the Mongolo-Tartar division belong the Akkads, 
the Koreans, the Finno-Tartars, the Mongols proper, and the Eskimo. The 
Kalmuck belongs to the most primitive of these stems, namely, the 
Mongols proper. Of the Mongols proper, Keane (21) says, “ in their own 
homes they have scarcely anywhere advanced beyond the hunting, fishing, 
or pastoral states.” And again speaking of the racial invasions which 
have from time to time completely altered the characteristics of many of 
the Asiatic peoples, Keane says that such invasions had but little effect 
on the Mongols proper, to which the Kalmucks belong, inasmuch as “ these 
continued and continue to occupy the original camping grounds, as 
changeless and uniform in their physical appearance, mental characters, 
and social usages as the Arab Bedouins, and all other inhabitants of 
monotonous, undiversified steppe lands.” 
From all this we can only conclude that the final placing of the 
Kalmuck a little behind the Tasmanian is not, after all, so very much at 
fault as might at first glance appear. 
The Veddah, omitted from Mr Cross’s figure for reasons specified in his 
paper, but in our first “ unit interval classification ” placed on the immediate 
