1910-11.] Bone Growth in absence of Functioning Testicles. 107 
2. The unusually great size of the alveolar process of the superior 
maxilla. 
3. The relatively large size of the mandibular symphysis. 
4. The great length of the coronoid process. 
It is interesting to note that, the condition of the body of the superior 
maxilla excepted, the skulls of many giants show strictly analogous but 
much more intense departures from the normal. In giants’ skulls the 
development of the antrum of Highmore is often enormous (8, 9). 
2. Vertebral Column. 
The usual number of vertebrse are present. There is no disturbance of 
the usual vertebral formula, but the thoracic segment is unusually long. 
This is shown by the measurements in Table VII. and the percentage pro- 
portions of the segments of the column in Table VIII. 
Table VII. — Measurements of Vertebral Column and Segments of 
Vertebral Column in Subject A 9. 
Total Length of Column, 
excluding sacrum . . . 596 mm. 
Length of Cervical Segment . 120 mm. 
,, „ Thoracic „ . 291 mm. 
„ „ Lumbar „ .185 mm. 
Total . 596 mm. 
Total . 596 mm. 
Table VIII. — Proportions of the Different Segments of the Vertebral Column. 
Length of Spine = 100. 
Spine of Subject 
Average of Six 
No. A 9. 
Irish Spines (10). 
Cervical Segment 
201 
21-8 
Thoracic Segment 
48-8 
46*5 
Lumbar Segment 
311 
31-7 
The cervical segment, therefore, is relatively considerably shorter, the 
lumbar segment slightly shorter, and the thoracic segment considerably 
longer than is normal in Irishmen. 
That a similar departure from the normal proportions is found in the 
vertebral columns of giants was shown by the late Professor D . J. 
Cunningham (8). 
The proportionate lengths of the regional segments of the vertebral 
columns of the giants Magrath and Byrne are shown in Table IX. 
