1910-11.] Bone Growth in absence of Functioning Testicles. 139 
5. The trunk diminishes in relative size as the stature increases. The 
cervical segment of the vertebral column increases most, the thoracic 
segment least. 
6. The brain does not increase proportionately to the increase of stature. 
In result it is relatively small in tall men, and relatively large in short 
men, in women, and in children. 
7. The antero-posterior diameter of the cranium increases with the 
increase of stature, as does the thickness of the frontal bone. 
8. The face increases slightly in diameter. 
9. The nose increases in height with the increase in stature. 
10. In the mandible, the height of the mandibular symphysis is markedly 
increased, as is also the gonio-mental length. 
11. The teeth are little affected. 
Rollet (36) gives measurements which confirm these observations. 
The body form of tall, normal men is therefore in many respects similar 
to that of the victims of an uncomplicated testicular failure. The only 
essential in which they differ is that in the tall normal man the measure- 
ments dependent upon development of the antrum of Highmore are 
increased, whereas in the anorchid they are diminished. The relatively 
small growth of the cervical segment of the vertebral column in anorchids 
and its relatively great growth in tall men is not improbably associated 
with the mass of the head. This point requires further investigation. 
There can, however, be no doubt that in essential points, such as the small 
increase in the size of the trunk and the marked increase in the size of the 
pelvis, the great increase in the length of the limbs, with the greater increase 
in the middle segment and the least increase in the hand and foot, the 
normal tall man is somewhat similar in body form to the anorchid. 
Had this not been so, the hypothesis that the absence of the sexual 
glands determines an increase in the amount of nutriment available for 
the rest of the body, and thus stimulates the cartilage cells to proliferate, 
would have been practically untenable. As it is so, the hypothesis gains 
stability. 
If the effects of removing the testicles are in large measure to be 
ascribed to the simple process of liberating food-stuffs for the use of the 
somatic cells ; if, in other words, the effect of castration is to establish an 
environment for the cartilage cells, abnormal only in its favourability, the 
ultimate body shape of the individual affected will depend upon the degree 
of completeness of the process of endochondral ossification at the time 
when the condition is established. 
For example, if all the synchondroses are open when the sexual demand 
