1910-11.] Incidence of Mortality from Pulmonary Tuberculosis. 367 
pulmonary tuberculosis than physical over-exertion. ... It is important 
to recognise that although such exercise be taken in the open air it is 
conducive to the development of consumption if it entails exhaustion or 
fatigue.” Setting on one side the dangers to health in special industries, 
the exhaustion produced in young females by hard physical exertion 
will tend to accentuate that predisposition to tuberculosis of the lungs 
observed in them between 5 and 20 years of age, as compared with males. 
The comparative conditions obtaining in Scotland and in England and 
Wales in this respect among females may be deduced from the tables 
calculated from the census returns (Tables X. and XII.). 
Indoor Domestic Service . — There is and has been for the last forty years 
a much smaller relative number of the female population in Scotland engaged 
in indoor domestic service than in England and Wales. If “the average 
number of domestic servants be, as it probably is, a good standard by which 
to measure the average degree of comfort in which a community is living,”* 
then in this respect the inhabitants of Scotland are not so well off as those 
of England and Wales. Greater comfort of living involves better average 
feeding and probably better housing, and a less degree of care and nervous 
strain. On an average during the forty years, in England and Wales more 
than 35 per cent, and in Scotland 27 per cent, of the occupied females above 
10 years were engaged in indoor domestic service. But as regards the 
female domestic servants themselves, at least to many of them, it certainly 
ensures better feeding and housing than they would have had in their own 
homes. About 46 per cent, more females between 10 and 20 years of age 
are engaged in domestic service in England and Wales than in Scotland, 
and hence have to this extent les§ severe labour and the better conditions 
as regards food and housing above referred to, at the time of greater pre- 
disposition to pulmonary tuberculosis as compared with males. 
Agricultural Labour . — Since 1871, on an average 6*2 per cent, of the 
occupied females above 10 years were engaged as agricultural labourers in 
Scotland, while in England and Wales only 0*9 per cent, were thus employed. 
There was 87 per cent, more females thus employed at age period 10-20 
than in England and Wales. Though this is outdoor work, it is often hard, 
and, in the past at all events, the sleeping accommodation was insufficient 
both as regards space and ventilation. In the rural districts of Scotland, 
therefore, the female population above 10 years of age have been much 
more engaged in the hard work of agricultural labour. 
Textile Industries . — The chief textile industry in Scotland is jute manu- 
facture ; in England and Wales it is cotton manufacture. There is a great 
* Census England and Wales 1891, vol. iv. p. 40. 
