606 Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. [Sess. 
Of the Oceanic or Eastern section of the Negro race our knowledge is 
naturally not nearly so extensive as of the African or Western section, but 
there are, nevertheless, some data available. 
Forster (24) has had the opportunity of examining the muscular 
system of a new-born Papuan infant, wherein he found numerous variations, 
the retrogressive characters of which were sufficiently obvious. The pro- 
gressive formations were but few, but included the marked separation of 
the index finger extensor, and the rich differentiation of the thumb and 
little finger muscles. The facial muscles also showed a typically atavistic 
condition and closely resembled that of the anthropoids. 
Fischer (25) studied the thickness of the soft parts in the heads of two 
Papuans — Baining people. He also states that their facial musculature was 
of a primitive character, with but little differentiation of the individual 
muscles. 
Amongst the Melanesians Chudzinski is apparently the only observer, as 
he dissected the body of a New Caledonian (6). 
In the Australian division of this section of the Negro race — the 
division with which this paper is particularly concerned — Cunningham (26) 
has published a study of the head of an Australian aboriginal, in which he 
deals almost exclusively with external features. 
Duckworth (27) has also made some observations on the dissection of 
the head of an Australian aboriginal, and elsewhere (2) he has figured the 
facial musculature of an aboriginal native of South Australia presently in 
the Anatomy Museum, Cambridge. 
Amongst the Northern or Mongolo-Turki section of the Mongolian 
Race, Adachi (28 to 35), both alone and in conjunction, is doing work of* a 
high order on the anatomy of the soft parts of the J apanese. His work is 
far too important to be abstracted here, but some of it, bearing more 
directly upon the present paper, will be referred to hereafter. 
Amongst the Southern, Tibetan, Indo-Chinese, and Chinese section of 
the Mongolian race, Adachi (33) has made observations on the facial 
musculature of three Chinese heads. Birkner (36 and 37) has examined, 
by Kollmann’s method, the thickness of the soft parts of the face on six 
Chinese heads. Anderson Stuart (38) has published an account of the 
dissection of the body of a Chinese, and Chudzinski (6) has furnished us 
with data from the dissections of the bodies of two Annamese and two 
Cochin-Chinese. 
Of the Oceanic Section of the Mongolian race there appear to be no 
records of any dissections, though several papers are extant treating of the 
external anatomy of the ear and the eye. 
