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Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. [Sess. 
averaged 88‘7. In fifteen Dschagga Negroes the index averaged 90’5. In 
19 modern European males 91*8, and in 16 modern European females 94. 
From his figures Schwalbe concludes that the majority of the skulls of 
recent races possess an index of over 90, but that in the lower races of 
mankind the value of the index is more frequently below 90 than in the 
higher races. 
Schwalbe quotes one Australian skull with an index of 90'8. Cunning- 
ham (26) has described the head of an Australian aboriginal, named “ Boco,” 
whose head possessed a peculiarly low index, lower even than either Pithe- 
canthropus or Neanderthal, and which worked out at 78*8. 
In the present series of Australian aboriginal heads, number one gives 
an index of 90 ; number two 103 ; and number three 91. The range of 
variation over the only four recorded Australian heads, not skulls, is thus 
somewhat remarkable. It ranges from 78 - 8 to 103, but gives notwithstand- 
ing an average of 90*7, which agrees pretty closely with Schwalbe’s one 
solitary Australian skull, with an index of 90’8. Personally I am not 
inclined to lay much stress on Cunningham’s case, for the individual 
had been an inmate of a lunatic asylum for many years ; and the present 
case, number two, with the high figure, I am also disposed to regard 
somewhat sceptically, inasmuch as the head is peculiarly shaped throughout. 
The nett result is, however, pretty much the same, as the Australian works 
out at an index of about 90’7 or 90*8, which brings him within the range 
of modern man, and seems once more to throw some doubt as to the 
pristine character of the race so strongly insisted upon by the modern 
German School of thought. 
The Nose and its Index. 
Turning next to the question of the size of the nose and its index I 
have thought it advisable I to examine this feature in some detail, because 
Cunningham (26) makes the statement that the relative breadth of the 
nose in the Australians is not so great as in a single specimen of a Negro, 
and this “ is in accordance with the general belief on this matter.” The 
statement is based on an examination of only three Australian aboriginal 
heads and of one Negro. 
' In the comparison now to be instituted I shall avail myself of height 
and breadth measurements|of the nose from the three Australian heads 
with which this work deals, with the three heads described by Cunningham, 
with thirty measurements recorded on the living subject by Spencer and 
Gillen (40), and with another series of forty recorded by the same authors 
