618 
Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. [Sess. 
C. Morphological Ear Index. 
9 unsexed ....... 1524 
7 males ........ 1671 
2 females ....... 113*9 
Schwalbe tells us that the length of the ear base ranges in the male from 
33 to 58 mm., with an average of 44*4, and in the female the range is from 
30 to 61, with an average of 40’ 1. 
The true ear length ranges in the male from 22 to 49, with an average of 
33’9. In the female the range is from 24 to 41, with an average of 337. 
As regards this former measurement, the Australian aboriginal, both male 
and female, is well above the average ; but for true ear length the male 
Australian is below the average, and the female above it. 
The morphological ear index is of chief significance for the comparison 
of the human ear with that of the lower animals. It expresses the degree 
of reduction which the ear has undergone from the long-eared type of 
animal. The greater the numerical value of the index the more has the 
ear become reduced from the long-eared type. Hence a low index expresses 
an animal-like ear ; and, as a general rule, the high indices occur most 
frequently in the female, because in the female the ear has progressed 
farthest from the animal type. In man the index ranges from 83 to 195. 
In the following table of the morphological ear index I have availed 
myself of the figures given by Schwalbe in Bardeleben’s Handbuch and of 
Wilhelm’s figures which he there quotes, of Sakaki’s (47) figures for 200 
Ainus, and of my own observations on the Australian aboriginal. 
Rabbit .... 
Kangaroo 
Lemur .... 
Chimpanzee . 
2 Australian females 
Orang .... 
Gorilla .... 
Modern degenerates 
Modern epileptics . 
Modern healthy criminals 
7 Australian males 
Average of 200 Ainu females 
Average of 200 Ainu males 
Modern criminal lunatics 
Modern healthy man 
213 
33- 
76- 
105- 
1139 
122 - 
125- 
138-7 
159-7 
163- 
167T 
168- 9 
169- 5 
171-6 
175-3 
