1910-11.] Anatomy of the Head of the Australian Aboriginal. 619 
From the paucity of the Australian figures it would be unwise to draw 
any decided conclusions, especially as the female figures merely deal with 
the two ears of one individual. It is, however, of some interest to note 
that in both of the Australian examples, as in Sakaki’s Ainus, the female 
ranks lower than the male. It would therefore appear that the tendency 
of the modern European female to possess a higher morphological ear index 
than the male is a sign of marked and high civilisation and of advancement, 
and is not found in the lower races. 
Schwalbe (48), in one of his earlier writings, has classified ears into 
six types, according to the degree and size of the Darwinian tubercle. 
Cunningham devotes some attention to this and lays considerable stress 
upon Schwalbe’s work. In the present series of three heads I should say 
that all, but particularly case 1, approximate to Schwalbe’s type two or 
Cercopithecus form, where the ear apex is pressed very closely to the 
posterior (dorsal) border of the helix, but the latter is not inrolled. This 
is the form which Schwalbe states is characteristic of the human embryo 
from the fourth to the sixth month. 
Form Analysis of the Skull. 
Passing next to the consideration of what Schwalbe has so aptly termed 
the “ form analysis ” of the skulls of the heads dealt with in the present 
work, it is well known that Schwalbe, in his examination of the Pithecan- 
thropus calvaria, as well as in his other similar works on the crania of 
primitive man, has introduced some novel and useful methods. His methods 
have been adopted with, or without, modification by Klaatsch in his work 
on the Australian aboriginal skull, by Berry and Robertson (49) in their 
work on the Tasmanian calvaria, and by most other investigators of the 
calvaria of primitive and fossil man. I have therefore thought it advisable 
to institute such a form analysis of the skulls of two of the heads with 
which this work deals, and to utilise, for purposes of comparison, the 
observations I have already employed, in conjunction with Dr Robertson 
(49), in the examination of the Tasmanian crania. The observations recorded 
on the Tasmanian crania were 27 in number, but to them I have now added 
five others employed by Klaatsch, in order that such data may be available 
for comparative purposes in future investigations. 
The following table gives the results of the form analysis of the Australian 
aboriginal heads one and three of the present work, with the minimum, 
average, and maximum figures from the Tasmanian work just referred to 
for purposes of comparison : — 
