622 
Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. [Sess. 
An examination of these sections will show that the topographical anatomy 
of the Australian aboriginal head, as studied in section, does not differ in 
any important essential from that of other races. 
This general statement does not imply, nor is it intended to imply, that 
there are no differences between the Australian and other races in minutiae. 
For example, Adachi (29), working on the well-known fact that the eyes 
project farther forwards in Japanese than in Europeans, examined the 
topographical position of the bulbus oculi in the orbit by means of frozen 
sections on 9 Japanese males and 5 females. He treats of the differences 
between the bulbus oculi of the Japanese and the European, and he notes 
that the distance from the point of entrance of the N. opticus in the 
bulbus oculi to the foramen opticum is in the Japanese 25 mm., whereas 
in the European it is only 18T mm. 
This same distance is, in the male Australian aboriginal number one, 
235 mm., and in this respect the Australian more nearly approaches the 
Japanese type than the European. This fact illustrates the main con- 
tention, that in general the sectional anatomy of the Australian aboriginal 
does not differ from that of any other race, but that in details of minutiae 
there are many minor differences of the character illustrated. The negative 
evidence adduced is, however, of value as supporting the monogonist theory 
of the origin of the several races of Mankind, whilst the differences of 
detail are not of sufficient importance as to warrant careful description. I 
can therefore merely refer those who are interested in such racial differences 
to the plates themselves, which, as they are recorded to scale, will enable 
any future observer to study such racial differences at his leisure. 
Comparison of the Brain Surface of the Australian and the 
European. 
Of much greater importance than the minutiae of the sections is the 
comparison of the brain surface of the Australian and the European. For 
the purposes of establishing this comparison I have selected the head of the 
male Australian number one, and the head of a male European aged 75 years. 
The latter forms one of the series of heads figured in Cunningham’s 
Contribution to the Surface Anatomy of the Cerebral Hemisphere . In 
that work it forms the subject of illustration number 16, and is further 
accessible in the form of a cast. This European head from Cunningham’s 
work is a particularly favourable one for the comparison with the Australian, 
inasmuch as the skull measurements of glabella-inion length, calvarial 
