1889-90.] Mr Dott and Dr Stockman on Morphine. 
379 
This completely alters the character of the action, as metho-codeine 
has the action of a muscle poison (like apomorphine). 
VI. Methylmorphium chloride and methylcodeium sulphate are 
addition products, formed by adding on methyl chloride and methyl 
sulphate respectively to the intact morphine or codeine molecule. 
The action is not profoundly altered by the chemical change. 
The paralysing action on motor nerves is considerably increased, 
and the narcotic action is lessened, but qualitatively the effects on 
the animal organism remain similar to those of morphine or codeine. 
The chemical change made in the intimate structure of the mor- 
phine molecule has not been profound ; there has been simply the 
addition of a radical, and hence one would scarcely expect the action 
to be much altered. 
VII. Other morphine and codeine derivatives which have been 
examined by other investigators seem to retain essentially the mor- 
phine action. 
With regard to morphine, it seems certain that so long as 
the chemical changes are restricted to what may be called 
the outlying groups of the molecule, very little alteration 
takes place in the physiological action. 
The change which does take place does not depend so 
much on the substituting body, as on what part of the mole- 
cule is substituted. 
When a change is made in the kernel or groundwork of the 
molecule, then the action is much more profoundly altered. 
Literature of Morphine and its Derivatives. 
We do not include in this list papers which are of purely toxi- 
cological or therapeutical interest. Certain writers have already 
published a considerable portion of the morphine literature, and as 
their papers are easily accessible to scientific workers we do not 
enumerate here the papers which they mention. 
Alt, Berlin. Min. Wochenschr., p. 560, 1889, “ Untersuchungen liber die Aus- 
scheidung des subcutan-injecirten Morphin durch den Magen.” 
Binz, Archiv f. expt. Path, and PharmaL, vi. 310, 1877, “ Zur Wirkungs- 
weise schlafmachender Stoffe.” Deutsche Med. Wochenschr., pp. 615, 
627, 1879 ; p. 149, 1880, “ Ueber den arteriellen Druck bei Morphium- 
vergiftung. ” 
