SOILS OF MASSACHUSETTS AND CONNECTICUT. 35 
prosperous towns of this class, and because of the intense develop- 
ment of this sort an orchard map was prepared to show conditions 
there. Definite blocks indicate for the most part trees grafted before 
they were planted or soon after, the trees being in regular rows. 
Orchards shown by dots have no regularity of arrangement. Of 
Uj trees the great majority have come up as seedlings where 
they now stand, and have been grafted as the owner could get to it 
or possibly hire some one to do it. A row of trees along a wall or 
fence surrounding tilled fields is a common feature, but probably 
more are located in pastures. Almost all grafting has been to Bald- 
win, no tree being considered too old for this purpose if in vigorous 
condition, though most of it is done before the trees are 20 years old. 
Five to ten years is considered a favorable time where the land is 
not to be grazed, as the scions can then be set high enough for teams 
to work underneath; but in pastures an older. age is preferred so 
that cattle may graze without injuring the trees. Of so much im- 
portance are these irregular orchards that seedlings or nursery stock 
are not infrequently set in to fill any large gaps, thus by a little effort 
making a solid block of tre'es. This method of orcharding seems 
very strange to those unfamiliar with it ; but the profits derived have 
been largely instrumental in the town's prosperity, and many Bald- 
wins of exceptionally good quality are grown. 
Countless thousands of seedling apple trees abound in Coleraine 
that are not yet grafted. Many farmers graft a few every spring as 
other work permits, or as outside grafters can be hired, but even so 
the number of trees is so great that many will never be grafted, not- 
withstanding the profit to be derived. It is doubtful if seedlings 
grow more profusely anywhere. 
This system of orcharding, though unusual, is of much importance 
locally, and the profits derived are certain to lead to its steady de- 
velopment. From the ungrafted trees large quantities of cider are 
produced for vinegar, which constitutes no inconsiderable source of 
additional income. 
RELATIVE PRODUCTION OF APPLES IN SOUTHERN NEW ENGLAND. 
While it is often unsafe to draw definite conclusions as to the 
relative importance of fruit growing in different States, because 
of variations in weather conditions in any given year, age, and con- 
dition of trees, etc., such comparisons may nevertheless serve as a 
general index, and for this reason the figures below are taken from the 
United States census of 1910. It should be borne in mind that New 
York is by far the foremost State in the production of apples, hav- 
ing a greater yield than any other entire geographic group of States 
other than the one of which it forms a part; and in 1909 Michigan 
