34 BULLETIN" 140, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
good are obtained under such methods, the opportunities for the 
higher profits better care would bring are noteworthy. While simi- 
lar roadside planting of trees is found in some of the noncommercial 
sections of New York, the custom is not so general there, nor are 
the results as a rule so satisfactory. In the heavy producing sec- 
tions of New York large commercial plantings are the prominent 
feature, and the secondary plantings are of little importance. 
The leading orchardists in southern New England use an annual 
application of commercial fertilizers in connection with a cover 
crop, or as a supplement to stable manure. Formerly mixed goods 
were used, but now many buy chemicals. There is much variation 
in the combination used. Basic slag is just now in popular favor 
and large quantities are used. Some acid phosphate is also used, 
but ground phosphate rock as a substitute is replacing it to some 
extent. Ground bone is preferred by some growers and tankage 
is in common use. The nitrates of soda or potash are employed 
as a source of ammonia when quick results are required. Potash 
is used in several forms — low -grade sulphate, high-grade sulphate, 
muriate, and kainit. The amounts used by different orchardists 
vary greatly and no attempt was made to cover the practice in a sys- 
tematic way. 
These different types of orchard distribution are brought out in 
Plates VII, VIII, and IX, which show the character of planting in 
Coleraine and Leominster, Mass., and in Parma, N. Y. 
USUAL TYPE OF FARM-ORCHARD DEVELOPMENT IN MASSACHU- 
SETTS AND IN WESTERN NEW YORK. 
The character of orchard distribution in a town typical of central 
Massachusetts is shown in the map of Leominster. (PL VIII.) The 
western part of the town is so hilly and rough that there is little 
orcharding or farming. The rest of the town constitutes a good 
farming and fruit section. With general farming, some dairying, 
and a little trucking, apples are an important money crop in pro- 
portion to the land given over to orcharding, as appears in the 
census of production shown elsewhere, Leominster being in the group 
of towns that produce between 25,000 and 40,000 bushels of apples 
annually. There are no large commercial orchards, but there are a 
few of moderate size and many small ones. 
On the sketch map the blocks of orchard are drawn to approxi- 
mate scale and each dot represents 10 apple trees. 
In parts of both States, but principally in Litchfield County, 
Conn., and that part of Massachusetts west of the Connecticut 
River, apples have long constituted an important money crop in con- 
junction with live-stock farming. Coleraine, Mass., is one of the 
