58 BULLETIN 140, IT. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
ern Connecticut, even on soils adapted to it, is not as well developed 
as that from the northern half of the Connecticut Valley in Massa- 
chusetts, notwithstanding the low elevation there. Even in Litchfield 
County, in orchards well cared for, Rhode Island Greening has not 
in some cases given yields sufficiently large to make it as profitable as 
Baldwin. These various limitations indicate that Ehode Island 
Greening is more restricted in its range of adaptation, than the 
Baldwin, and that it does not adapt itself to climatic conditions as 
far south as the Baldwin, even though suitable soils occur there. In 
fact, its southern boundary may be roughly estimated at 0.25° north 
of the forty-first parallel. South of that it becomes a fall apple and 
keeps very poorly. 
SOILS FAVORABLE FOR THE HUBBARDSTON. 
Compared with the Baldwin soil requirements, the heaviest soils 
desirable for the Hubbardston lap over for a little upon the lightest 
soils desirable for the Baldwin, while at the other extreme the Hub- 
bardston will utilize to advantage a more sandy soil than most other 
varieties of New England. This does not mean that it will succeed 
on poor light sands, for on such soils the apple will not attain suffi- 
cient size to be of value, nor is the tree vigorous enough ; but the soil 
should always be very mellow. A rich, fine sandy loam to a depth 
of at least a foot is preferable, and the subsoil well may be of the 
same texture. The Hubbardston does remarkably well on a rich 
fine sandy loam in the Connecticut Valley in Massachusetts where 
fertilized highly enough for tobacco, onions, or garden crops. The 
fruit is of good size, well colored, and with good keeping qualities. 
Baldwin grown alongside is poorly colored and inferior in both 
flavor and keeping quality, yet on the same soil where the humus con- 
tent is lower, and the soil less rich, the fruit is much better in all 
these respects. This warrants the conclusion that on this soil humus 
and nitrogen-carrying fertilizers may easily be supplied in too great 
amounts for the Baldwin, and that Hubbardston can use more of 
them to advantage than Baldwin. This indicates relative soilr con- 
ditions for these varieties, and, to some extent, fundamental soil 
selection also. A subsoil containing enough clay to make the fine 
sandy material somewhat coherent, or sticky, is not objectionable for 
Hubbardston, but there should never be enough clay present to 
render the subsoil heavy. If the soil is too heavy or too clayey the 
fruit is liable to have a greasy skin and a deficient color, the fruit 
tends to be small and the flavor is insufficiently developed. This last 
tendency was very noticeable in 1912 in an orchard which receives 
good treatment but is underlain with hardpan at depths ranging 
from 18 to 24 inches. In 1912 the color was good, but the owner 
stated it also to be deficient in normal seasons. The light phase of 
