72 BULLETIN 140, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
managed have been abandoned on account of family circumstances. 
The first class of lands should be managed by the owners of the sec- 
ond class — that is, as adjuncts to farms now existing as economic 
units — or they could be so combined in some cases as to form new 
economic units of land holdings. There are good opportunities in 
both States for such land development, but they must be developed 
on the basis of economic adaptedness of the different soil conditions 
to crops and other farm products. 
There is little land tenantry in either State. Most farms are occu- 
pied by their owners, but those owned by city residents are often 
occupied by managers and superintendents. 
Labor conditions do not differ from those in other northeastern 
States. The cost of labor has steadily increased, thus necessitating 
more efficient farm management — a goal not infrequently attained. 
The principal products sold are horticultural crops from field and 
greenhouse, milk and cream, poultry and eggs, veal and pork, tobacco 
and onions. 
In districts intensively farmed the adaptedness of soils to crops is 
pretty well understood and the cropping system is generally well 
arranged. In the districts where extensive methods of farming pre- 
vail, adaptedness of the soil to crops is less generally recognized. 
Trunk-line and branch railways, with many trolley lines, furnish 
good transportation facilities for most of the region, though some 
districts are still far from such advantages. 
The area of Massachusetts is 8,039 square miles, and in 1910 her 
population was 3,366,416, or 418.7 per square mile. The area of 
Connecticut is 4,820 square miles, and in 1910 her population was 
1,113,736, or 210.5 per square mile. Such a mass of population fur- 
nishes excellent markets for large quantities of farm-food products. 
Soil development along various lines is possible. Among these, 
orcharding is important. 
The different varieties of apples and peaches do not succeed equally 
well on all soils, some varieties giving the best results on soils or 
under soil conditions that may be more or less definitely defined. 
In some cases, however, a soil not suitable in all respects may be 
modified, as by increasing or decreasing the humus content, tile 
draining, etc., to meet the requirements to such a degree that mod- 
erately good results may be secured. The kinds of soil upon which 
various varieties of apples have given, and may reasonably be ex- 
pected to give, good results are described. 
Under cultivation mellow loams and fine sandy loams overlying 
subsoils not lighter than a medium loam nor heavier than a light or 
medium clay loam of friable structure excel for the Baldwin. Under 
the same soil conditions Rome Beauty thrives farther south, where 
