The Ants of the Baltic Amber. 
17 
Leptothorax (3) Polyergus (1) 
Tetramorium (1) Camponotus (1). 
The other palearctic genera represented in the amber: Ponera, Stenamma, 
Aphcenogaster, Dolichoderus, Liometopum, Monomorium , Prenolepis and 
Plagiolepis do not at the present day extend northward beyond 
Southern and central Europe. In two recent papers *) Emery has described 
in detail the way in which the present south European ant-fauna 
has been enriched by immigration of species from Asia and Africa. 
Before leaving the subject of the affinities of the amber ants, 
it may be of interest to consider some of Ulmer’s conclusions in re- 
gard to the amber Trichoptera. He arranges the genera of these in- 
sects according to their affinities with extant genera as follows : 
1. Purely Eurasian: 10 genera with 15 species. 
2. Purely Nearctic: 4 genera with 8 species. 
3. Eurasian and (or) Nearctic: 33 genera with 115 species. 
4. Neither Eurasian nor Nearctic but South Asiatic: 
9 genera with 14 species. 
From these data he concludes : „Hie Trichopterenfauna des Bernsteins 
ist eine hauptsächlich aus eurasiatischen und nearktischen Elementen 
bestehende, aber von südamerikanischen und südasiatischen Formen 
durchsetzte Mischfauna mit subtropischem Charakter und vorwiegender 
Entwicklung der Polycentropiden. w It will be seen that this Statement 
corresponds rather losely with the results obtained from a study of 
the amber Formicidce, except that the present neotropical element 
is represented only by Erebomyrma antiqua and possibly by the re- 
semblance of BJiopalomyrmex to the South American and West Indian 
genus Myrmelachista and of Bradoponera to the Haitian Spaniopone, 
and that there is no purely nearctic element apart from genera 
common to the palearctic fauna. 
Referring to the direct phylogenetic relationships of the amber 
Trichoptera to those of the present day, Ulmer says * 2 ): „Da die Bern- 
steinfauna um so viel älter ist als die rezente, so könnte sich die 
Frage erheben, ob vielleicht im Bernstein Vorläufer, Ahnen der einen 
oder anderen rezenten Gattung vorhanden sind, ob vielleicht gar die 
Formen im ganzen primitiver sind als die der Jetztzeit. Die Frage 
muß sofort verneint werden. Man braucht nur die Beschreibungen 
*) Der Wanderzug der Steppen- und Wüstenameiseß von Zentral-Asien nach Süd- 
Europa und Nord-Afrika. Zool. Jahrb. Abth. f. Syst. Suppl. 15, Vol. 1. 1912. pp. 95 
bis 104 and Le origini e le migrazioni della fauna mirmecologica di Europa loc. cit. 
2 ) loco citato p. 361. 
Schriften d. Physik. -Ökonom. Gesellschaft. Jahrgang LV. 
2 
