14 BULLETIN 349, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
those of the Spanish raisin packers, on which the French trade names — 
are also based. The original Spanish, as well as English terms with 
which they correspond, and the different grades in descending order 
of quality are shown in Table V. 
TABLE V.—Different grades of cluster raisins in order of choice as packed in 
California and the equivalents in the Spanish, French, and English trade. 



Spanish terms. French terms. | English terms. California terms. 
pmpenialess =. eek sees Tmperiaux Extra ....... | Extra Imperial Cluster. .| Six-Crown Cluster. 
Tm perialsBajO.. 2.222226 ILM PErIAliKe ws see ees | Imperial Cluster... .-.~ - Five-Crown Cluster. 
IROVanes BOs eee eee IRON EU D-Guaykny a Me Se | RoyaliCluster: 23.2225. Four-Crown Cluster. . 
GOBER) sa aneesaobecase SUnCHORaPEXGh ase ee le CROICeS tae et eee Three-Crown Cluster. 
Ayia ey (Gp) ee sean ea hae x Choixahxtrateee = eee Choice(Cluster=.-5.-=-- Two-Crown Cluster. 

The grading is optical, as a result of experience, there being no 
linear or cubic measurement standard. Thus, a nice cluster with all 
berries of large size, would be a “Six-Crown Cluster,” such being 
the very finest raisins on the stem. “ Five-Crown Clusters” were 
formerly the “ Dehesia” cluster, and “ Four-Crown Clusters” were 
formerly “ Fancy Clusters.” Grades less than “Four Crown” on 
the stems (the “Three Crown” and “Two Crown”) are known as 
“Layers,” or “ London Layers.” These are placed in boxes con- 
taining 20 pounds net; in half boxes of 10 pounds; and quarter 
boxes of 5 pounds; and in fancy boxes containing 24 pounds. Loose 
raisins, or raisins off the stem, are graded into Two-Crown, Three- 
Crown, and Four-Crown raisins by being run through screens the 
meshes of which are thirteen thirty-seconds, seventeen thirty-seconds, 
and twenty-two thirty-seconds of an inch in size, respectively. The 
Sultanina (erroneously called Thompson Seedless), and the Sultana 
are packed in 12-ounce cartons, 45 to the case. 
SEEDED RAISINS. 
The invention of a raisin-seeding machine by George E. Pettit in 
the early seventies, and its use, has had a wonderful effect on the 
industry. 
Seeded raisins were first put on the market by the late Col. Wiliam 
Forsythe, of Fresno, Cal., who at first found it very difficult to dis- 
pose of 20 tons. The output in the last 15 years has increased from 
700 tons to 50,000 tons per annum, and their popularity is constantly 
increasing. In 1900 about 14,000 tons were placed on the market, 
in 1905. about 21,000 tons, in 1910 about 31,000 tons, and in 1913 
about 49,000 tons (Pl. VITI, fig. 2). The seeding machines in pres- 
ent use can turn out 300 tons per day. Seeded raisins are now the 
most important branch of the raisin industry (Pl. VIII, fig. 3). 
A brief outline of how seeded raisins are prepared will prove in- 
teresting. The raisins are first exposed to a dry temperature of 140° 

