8 BULLETIN 349, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
shoots from the spurs left for the purpose. These shoots are used as 
fruiting canes the following year, new spurs being left to grow canes | 
for the next year. In the second method the pruning is the same and 
the same objects are accomplished, but a trellis is used on which the 
fruiting canes are placed in a horizontal position and tied to the 
trellis wires (PI. I, fig.1). The Sultanina variety also hasa tendency 
to send out suckers, water sprouts, and sterile shoots. For that reason 
the vines should be carefully gone 
over several times after the young 
shoots start, to remove undesirable 
growths. 
RAISIN VARIETIES. 
The raisin varieties are all Vinif- 
eras, therefore they are not resistant 
to phylloxera, and for this reason 
they should be grown on phylloxera- 
resistant stocks to make permanent, 
durable vineyards. 
The principal raisin variety grown 
is the Alexandria (PI. III). This 
has numerous synonyms, but is so 
well known in this country as Alex- 
andria that no other names need now 
be given. 
Ripens midseason. Color yellow- 
ish green; when fully ripe, flushed 
with amber. Cluster straggling, long, 
loose, and never compact even when 
perfect. Stem long, reddish brown; 
Wie “SA grapevine pruned to long Pedicel thick, warty, yellowish, one: 
canes, the canes afterwards being half inch long. Berry large, five- 
bent in a circle on the support. eighths by 1 inch long, tapering 
toward pedicel, sometimes slightly flattened at apex; surface 
smooth, yellowish green; bloom white; adherence excellent. Skin 
tough and thick. Flesh meaty, firm, fairly juicy. Seeds one 
to four, long, reddish brown. Flavor spicy, fruity, and rich. Vine 
robust, with small-furrowed, light-yellow wood, dotted with black. 
Leaves five-lobed, medium size, thick, leathery, smooth, rather deeply 
serrated, slightly elongated, light green, slightly glossy above, gray 
yellowish green underneath; veins thin, red at base; leaf stem longer 
than midrib of leaf; petiolar sinus open. 
This is the most important raisin variety. It is also a very im- 
portant shipping grape, as it carries well, looks well, and many ad- 


