THE RAISIN INDUSTRY. v4 
spurs of the last season are cut off just outside the inner canes, which 
ure cut back to spurs, the pruning each winter after this being done 
to promote a regular system of spur renewal. As the vines become 
older and stronger and can stand more cropping, more spurs are 
left to increase the fruiting capacity of the plant. In course of time 
the arms of the respective spurs are renewed and entirely new arms 
and spurs are grown. The head of the vine should be kept well 
balanced and given a globular form if possible. Some varieties on 
which the lower eyes are not sufficiently productive may be improved 
by increasing the length of the spurs and the 
number of eyes, leaving four or even five eyes 
to a spur, according to the variety of the vine. 
THE LONG, OR CANE, PRUNING SYSTEM. I: | 
The long, or cane, pruning system is also in 
general use in California. When vines are 
trained according to this system the fruit is 
borne on canes which are tied to a stake, the 
spurs which are left to grow from them pro- 
ducing canes for the following year. In prun- 
ing, the canes which fruited the previous year 
as well as the arms on which they grew are 
entirely removed, the canes produced from the 
spurs left the previous year furnishing the 
fruiting canes and spurs needed (fig. 2). In 
this manner the head of the vine is renewed 
from year to year, and as the plants grow older 
and stronger the fruiting capacity is increased 
by leaving more canes and spurs. 
The Sultanina bears well only when pruned to 
long canes. Provision should therefore be made 
for the growth of new canes from the stump, to Fic. 2—A grapevine 
furnish bearing canes for the following years. ae ae 
This is accomplished in pruning by leaving short spurs of one or two 
buds on the main stump from which to grow the canes. Frequently, 
however, the spurs are so shaded by the foliage on the fruiting canes 
that they do not always produce vigorous wood and often fail to grow. 
To remedy this, two methods are employed; namely, (1) bending and 
tying the fruiting canes to form a circle (fig. 3), and (2) training 
the fruiting canes on horizontal trellises. The first method diminishes 
the tendency of the sap to go to the end of the fruiting canes and 
causes a greater number of shoots to start on the lower parts of them. 
These shoots are not so strong, but are more fruitful. Another result 
of the bending of the canes is that the sap pressure starts strong 

