22 BULLETIN 220, TJ. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
example in the use of the small culvert where the walk leads over 
the ditch before reaching the road. This same use of the culvert is 
made at the driveway entrance to the house. Architectural features 
of Monticello, the former home of Thomas Jefferson, were followed 
in the construction of this dwelling. The rustic summer house and 
the spring house in its cool white furnish pleasing sights across the 
fields, which have been cleared of undergrowth and left with only a 
few well-placed trees and shrubs. 
ROAD MACHINERY. 
Many good roads were built before the invention of road-building 
machinery, but modern machinery has done much to simplify the 
process and reduce the cost of road construction. The power-driven 
road roller has made possible the construction of a macadam road in 
a few days or weeks, where formerly traffic was required to make its 
way laboriously over the loose stones for months before the surface 
became even reasonably consolidated. 
The steam road roller was invented by M. Louis Lemoine, of Bor- 
deaux, France. The French Government granted him a patent in 
1859. The first English patent was granted to Messrs. Clark and 
Bathe in 1863. The first steam road roller used in the United States 
was imported from England in 1868, and its first use was on the 
United States arsenal grounds in Philadelphia. 
The stone crusher has greatly reduced the labor of preparing broken 
stone. It was the invention, in 1858, of Eli Whitney Blake, of New 
Haven, Conn. He was a nephew of Eli Whitney, the inventor of the 
cotton gin. Mr. Blake's crusher was used first in Central Park, New 
York City, in crushing rock for concrete. In 1859 the city of Hart- 
ford, Conn., purchased one of these crushers for use in the improve- 
ment of its streets and roads. This was the first successful application 
of mechanical power to breaking stone for road-building purposes. 
CRUSHER PLANT. 
Figure 1, represents a portable stone-crusher plant. A crusher 
plant is indispensable in the construction of first-class broken-stone 
roads, and if such work is to be done well and cheaply the plant must 
be complete and conveniently arranged. 
Sometimes the crusher can be located so near the quarry that the 
rock may be sent down grade in tramcars and delivered to the mouth 
of the crusher by gravity, thus saving much hand labor. The crusher 
should be provided with an elevator for delivering the broken stone 
to the screen, which separates the material into proper sizes. The 
screen should be in three sections. The first section usually contains 
openings 1 inch in diameter. Through these openings the fragments 
of stone known as "screenings" drop into a bin corresponding to 
