34 
BULLETIX 716, U. S. DEPAETMEXT OF AGRICULTURE. 
are included in the farm expense. For the five-year period these 
averaged $419 per farm and amounted to 45 per cent, or almost one- 
half of the farm receipts. These expenses, with the exception of 
$87, the value of the unpaid family labor, all represent money paid 
out. The farm expenses for the different years were shown in Table I. 
For three of the five years they approximated the five-year average, 
for one year they were about 10 per cent below the average, and for 
1916 they were 9 per cent above the average. For the purpose of this 
discussion the expenses have been grouped in six classes, viz, labor, 
repairs and depreciation, feed, seeds and fertilizer, taxes and insur- 
ance, and miscellaneous. The proportion each class represented of the 
total expenses each year and for the five-year average is shown in 
figure 12. 

PER CENT 
20 40 60 80 100 
1 l 1 
1912 1 
mmmmmmw^yyy*:>:y;m®®i 
1913 j 
m;mmmmmv#^vrtMB0* 
1914 | 
wm^F*®^^ 
19(5 1 
mmm-m^mm^^y. 
m:$m 
1316 I 
mmmmmmmmtm*w& 
average! 
wmm&mmmmtz&ztiSA 
« UN PA ID FAM 
■SlLY LABOR 
prrr^, HIRED 
V^-'-'A LABOR 
~&m DEPRECIATION 13753 F ffd E23 SEEDAND „ 
S^AND REPAIRS ^ EED ^ FERTILIZER 
P771INSURANCE P^Pa^.r-^^, 
^IaND TAXES Ba^'SCEL. 
Fig. 12. — Distribution of expenses, 25 farms, Palmer Township, Washington County, Ohio. 
LABOR. 
The value of all labor on the farms, except that performed by the 
farmer himself, was $136 per farm, or about one-third of the total 
expenses. Of this amount, $87 was for 3.6 months of unpaid family 
labor and $19 for 1.6 months of hired labor. About 90 per cent of 
the labor was performed by the farmers and their families, with a 
comparatively low cash expense for labor. One farmer kept a hand 
throughout the year, another had a hand for six months of the year 
and four kept hands for a few months during the summer. In all, six 
farmers each had a regular hired hand for part or all of the year 
and with a total expense of $551 for regular hired labor. Almost as 
much of the labor hired, however, was for hands for a single day or 
a few da}'S at a time now and then during rush periods. More or 
