SUGAR PRODUCTION IN U. S. AND FOREIGN COUNTRIES. 61 
pounds in 1910. The total consumption of sugar for that year was 
115,529 tons. A large quantity of the sugar consumed in Switzer- 
land is used in the confectionery, condensed milk, and chocolate in- 
dustries, and is afterwards exported. The exports of these products 
in 1913 were 44,708 tons for condensed milk, 18,538 for chocolate, and 
1,658, for confectionery. 
BRITISH INDIA. 
CANE SUGAR. 
The area of British India used for sugar cane is in the northern 
part, in the valleys of the Ganges and Indus Rivers. The United 
Provinces of Agra and Oudh contain one-half of the area under cane 
and produce one-half of the sugar. The Provinces of Punjab, Bihar, 
and Bengal contain the greater portion of the remainder of the area 
under cane. Cane is also grown in the Provinces of Bombay in the 
west and Madras in the south. The sugar-cane areas of India are 
like those of the United States in the sense that they lie mostly outside 
of the tropics and are subject to frost. Sugar cane is a tropical plant 
and thrives best in a uniformly warm climate where there is an 
abundance of water supply and in an alluvial soil retentive of mois- 
ture. These conditions exist in the valleys of the Ganges and Indus 
Rivers, with their numerous irrigation canals. In the south, where 
climatic conditions are better suited to this crop, the other physical 
conditions are less favorable. In this way the sugar-cane cultivation 
of India has been driven from the tropics and thrust northward close 
to the limit of cane cultivation. These conditions, together with the 
backward methods of cultivation and manufacture of sugar, are 
chiefly responsible for the low yield of sugar per acre in India. The 
estimated yield of cane per acre on the best land is 20 tons, but the 
primitive methods of extracting the sugar leave about one-half of the 
sugar in the cane. The fields are widely scattered and so far apart 
that the cost of transportation from field to factory forbids the large 
central sugar factory as used in other sugar-cane countries. 
The total area under cultivation in India during the decade 
1903-4 to 1912-13 was 257,000,000 acres, of which 2,279,859, or a little 
less than 1 per cent, was used for cane. Nearly one year is required 
for cane to mature in India. It is planted in February, March, and 
April and harvested in December and January. The average yield 
of sugar per acre has been about 1 ton, but slightly exceeded that 
figure in recent years, and amounted to 2,290 pounds in 1912-13 and 
to 2,011 in 1913-14. The cane grown in the United Provinces yields 
from 1,500 to 3,200 pounds of raw sugar (guf ) per acre. The yield 
of sugar per acre varies considerably in the other Province, from 
