66 BULLETIN 473, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
and again increased to 72,613 in 1913-14. The production of sugar 
per acre increased from 2,517 pounds in 1906-7 to 2,685 in 1912-13 
and to 2,725 in 1913-14. The production of sugar per ton of cane 
decreased from 189 pounds in 1906-7 to 161 pounds in 1911-12, and 
the percentage of sugar extraction per weight of cane for the same 
years was 9.46 and 8.05 per cent, respectively. The number of people 
employed in the sugar factories increased from 737 in 1904-5 to 
1,187 in 1913-14, or an average of 1,156 for the decade, of which 
1,028 were men and 128 were women. The length of the sugar-manu- 
facturing season in Japan varied from 261 days in 1904-5 to 226 
in 1908-9, to 298 in 1910-11, and to 294 in 1913-14, or an average of 
279 for the decade. 
The imports of sugar into Japan decreased from 273,650 tons in 
1904 to 87,631 in 1911 and increased to 362,534 in 1913. The exports 
gradually increased from 16,349 tons in 1905 to 111,670 in 1913. 
The imports have been approximately double the production and 
the exports two-thirds of the production, except in 1913. when the 
exports considerably exceeded production. 
FORMOSA. 
CANE SUGAR. 
The production of sugar m Formosa has increased 400 per cent 
during the period 1903-1914. The production was slightly less than 
40,000 tons in 1903-4, which increased to 222,000 tons in 1914-15. 
The average production for the five years 1903-4 to 1907-8 was 65,881 
tons, as compared with 193,120 tons for the five years 1910-11 to 
1914-15, an increase of 193.1 per cent. The area used for cane in 1913 
was 165,094 acres, from which was produced 350,885 tons of cane, an 
average of 6.13 tons per acre. The sugar obtained from this cane 
amounted to 79,368 tons, an average extraction of 10 per cent per weight 
of cane. The first modern sugar factory is said to have been erected in 
Formosa in 1902 by Americans. Prior to that date the manufacture of 
sugar was by the open-kettle process, and the cane was ground in 
wooden roller mills operated by buffaloes. The small mills have de- 
creased in number, while the modern factories have increased from 1 
in 1902 to 33 in 1912. The 33 factories have a crushing capacity of 
24,000 tons of cane per day, and produce only raw sugar. As late as 
March, 1913, there was only one refinery in Formosa, and the sugar 
exported was refined in the country of destination. Most of the 
sugar was exported to Japan, where it was refined, part of which 
was retained for consumption. 
STRAITS SETTLEMENTS. 
CANE SUGAR. 
The area used for. sugar cane in the Straits Settlements increased 
from 9,825 acres in 1899 to 15,020 in 1902, but decreased to 2,934 acres 
