SUGAR PRODUCTION IN U. S. AND FOREIGN COUNTRIES. 29 
decreased to 7,234 tons in 1914. The exports decreased from 20,184 
in 1904 to 20 tons in 1908 and increased slightly to 66 tons in 1913 
and to 71,308 tons in 1914. The small quantity of sugar exported 
since 1904 was due in a large measure to the agreements signed at 
the Brussels Convention forbidding the importation of bounty-fed 
sugar into the countries that became members of that convention. 
The average annual consumption of sugar in Argentina during the 
decade 1903-1912 was 182,466 tons, oi 17.2 per cent more than the pro- 
duction. The per capita consumption of raw sugar for the same 
period was 64.1 pounds. 
BRAZIL. 
CANE SUGAR. 
The area upon which sugar cane is grpwn in Brazil lies chiefly 
along the Atlantic coast, though cane is grown in nearly all of the 
States. Three other industries — coffee, rubber, and cocoa — are of 
much greater importance than sugar, but the output of sugar has 
been equal to local demands, with some for export. The industry 
has made less progress in the north, despite the natural advantages, 
than in the south. Very little sugar is consumed in the northern 
States, and the most of it produced there must be shipped south 
either for home consumption or for export. Transportation to the 
southern States is poor, the rates are high, and labor is scarce, all 
of which tend to retard the development of the sugar industry in 
the northern States, yet the northern States produce more than two- 
thirds of the sugar. Pernambuco alone produces annually as much 
as all the other States combined. 
The factories are of two kinds, " usina " and " engenho." The 
usinas are the larger factories and have a capacity of crushing from 
100 to 700 tons of cane per day of 24 hours. The large or mixed 
engenho crushes from 50 to 100 tons of cane per day, while the small 
one ranges from 5 to 50 tons. These factories produce only raw 
sugar, part of which is refined, but a large portion is consumed 
without being refined. A good deal of cane is consumed in the raw 
state, and in the towns freshly expressed cane juice is sold as a 
beverage. 
The cane is planted at the beginning of the rainy season and is 
harvested from 12 to 18 months later in the southern States and 
from 11 to 14 months in the northern States. From four to six crops 
are cut from one planting. The yield of cane per acre varies from 
15.61 to 44.61 tons, depending upon the character of the soil and sea- 
son. The sugar extraction is low as compared with other cane-grow- 
ing countries and ranges from 4 to 9 per cent of the weight of the 
cane. 
