SUGAR PRODUCTION IN U. S. AND FOREIGN COUNTRIES. 11 
tones was $38,000,000, expenses $26,000,000, and products manufac- 
tured $81,000,000, as against the capital invested in the beet-sugar 
factories of $130,000,000, expenses $37,000,000, and products manu- 
factured $48,000,000. Of the cane-sugar factories only one reported 
products in 1909 valued in excess of $1,000,000, while 14 of the beet- 
sugar factories reported products exceeding $1,000,000 in value. 
From October to January sugar making in the United States is in 
progress in both beet and cane regions. The smallest number of 
people employed in each industry in 1909 was in February and the 
largest number was in November. Most of the cane sugar produced 
was raw sugar, while practically all of the beet sugar was refined. 
In 1909 there were 19 sugar refineries in the United States engaged 
in the refining of both domestic and imported cane sugar. Louisiana 
and New York each contained five; California, Massachusetts, New 
Jersey, and Pennsylvania, two each; and Texas one. These re- 
fineries employed 10,345 people and turned out products valued 
at $249,000,000. 
Of the cane sugar produced in the United States since 1856, 97 per 
cent was produced in Louisiana and 3 per cent in other States, mostly 
Texas. During the five-year period 1856 to 1860 the production of 
cane sugar in Louisiana was 132,402 tons and other States produced 
5,978 tons. For the next 15 years the average annual production was 
less than 100,000 tons, falling as low as 44,768 tons for Louisiana and 
3,818 tons for other States. For the next 15 years, 1876-1890, the 
production for Louisiana was slightly in excess of 100,000 tons and 
7,500 tons for other States. For the 10 years 1891-1900 Louisiana 
produced an average of 276,000 tons and other States 5,500 tons. 
During the 10 years 1901-1910 the production for Louisiana averaged 
350,000 tons and other States 12,900 tons. The largest quantity of 
cane sugar produced in Louisiana in any one year was 398,195 tons 
in 1904-5 and was followed closely in 1908-9 by a production of 
397,600 tons. During the 11 years 1901-2 to 1911-12 Louisiana 
produced an average of 349,000 tons of sugar, which fell to 207,000 
tons for the next four years. The production of sugar per ton of 
cane was 120 pounds in 1911, 142 in 1912, 139 in 1913, 152 in 1914, 
but only 135 in 1915. 
A striking contrast is shown in the production of cane sugar com- 
pared with beet sugar. The quantity of beet sugar has gradually in- 
creased to 862,800 tons in 1915-16, while cane sugar, after an average 
production of 350,000 tons for the period 1901 to 1911, decreased to 
292,698 in 1913-14, to 242,700 in 1914-15, and to 137,500 tons in 
1915-16. During the five years 1886-87 to 1890-91 the average an- 
nual production of cane sugar exceeded 171,000 tons, as against 
1,922 tons for beet sugar. During the five years 1901-2 to 1905-6 
the average production of cane sugar was 364,000 tons, as against 
