68 BULLETIN 718, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
Straight grain — A piece of lumber is said to be straight grained when the 
principal wood cells are parallel to its length. 
Swamp hook — A hook to be attached to a chain used for rolling logs. 
Tail sawyer — Off-bearer. 
Tally — A record of the number of pieces and grades which are cut in the mill. 
Tight cooperage — Containers for liquids consisting of two round heads, and a 
body composed of several staves held together by hoops in such a manner as 
to hold liquids. 
Timber — 4 inches by 4 inches, and larger dimensions. 
To box a log — To throw a log from the log trough upon the mill deck by means 
of a log kicker. 
To box the heart — To cut boards from all sides of the heart, leaving the latter 
as a piece of timber. 
To jack lumber — Means to pass up boards to the piler on top of the pile by 
leverage on an upright pole or a short board projecting from the front of the 
pile. 
To saw around a log — To cut three or more faces on a log in order to get the 
best quality. of lumber in each cut. 
To saw alive — To make all cuts on the log parallel, without canting the log. 
Torn grain — A defect on surfaced lumber caused by the fibers of the wood 
being torn by the planer knives. 
Uppers — Finish lumber. 
Veneer — A thin piece of lumber cut on a veneer machine. There are three kinds 
of veneer, viz, sawed, sliced, and rotary cut. 
Wane — Bark or decrease in wood on the edge of board, plank, or timber. 
Washboard lumber — Poorly sawed lumber with ridges on the face of the boards. 
Woods scale — The scale of the logs made in the woods. 
Wood fiber — Narrow shavings cut from a round block of wood by a special 
machine. 
Yard iumber — Lumber which has been air dried. 
ABBREVIATIONS. 
C. I. F. — Cost, insurance, and freight. 
F. O. B. — Free on board. 
F. A. S. — Free along side. 
F. G — Flat grain. 
V. G. — Vertical grain. 
C. I. F. E. — Cost, insurance, freight, and exchange. 
D. & H. — Dressed and headed. A flooring strip which has been surfaced, 
tongued, and grooved on one side, and also has a tongue on one end and a 
groove on the other, so that the joints may not necessarily come over a 
joint. 
D. & M. — Dressed-and-matched boards, which have been tongued, grooved, and 
matched. 
E. G. — Edge grain. 
W. A. L.— Wider, all lengths. 
AW. & AL. — All widths and all lengths. 
5/4, 6/4, 8/4 — 1^ inches, 1$ -inches, and 2 inches. 
K. D. — Kiln dried or knocked down. 
S. 4S. C. S. — Surfaced on 4 sides in the 1/16-inch caulking seam on each edge. 
S. M. — Surface measure. 
SI S. IE — Surfaced on one side and one edge. 
T. B. & S— Top, bottom, and sides. 
T. & G. — Tongued and grooved. 
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