88 BULLETIN 718, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
Capacity of water hose at various pressures (size of nozzle, 1 inch). 
Pressure of nozzle. 
40 
pounds. 
60 
pounds. 
80 
pounds. 
100 . 
pounds. 
Pressure at pump with 100 feet of 2-Hnch nil 
her hose, pounds.. 
48 
155 
109 
79 
73 
189 
142 
108 
97 
219 
168 
131 
121 
245 
Horizontal distance thrown, feet 
186 
148 
LOGGING. 
SAW CREW AND EQUIPMENT. 
For a mill cutting 10.000 feet (from 9 to 11 logs per thousand), 
two pony gangs are necessary. If the sawyers do not understand 
felling and how to get straight logs and good lengths out of the tree 
after it, is felled, it may be necessary to have an experienced uncler- 
cutter with the two gangs. One of the crew should be able to file and 
fit a saw properly. Incidentally, the saw should be- a good one, so 
that the filer does not waste time trying to sharpen it, or the sawyers 
lose 5 or 10 minutes in every cut. The same applies to axes. An axe 
is intended to chop, not to bruise timber, and must be kept sharp if 
it is to be used effectively. It should be ground on a grindstone, not 
rubbed with a file. It would be interesting to know how many men 
working round a small mill understand how to grind an ax properly. 
The knowledge of making ax handles, oxbows, and yokes is a lost 
art, yet when a man is working 20 or 30 miles away from a hardware 
store and there are no ax handles in camp, this knowledge would 
come in hand} 7 . 
A saw gang of two men, equipped with the proper tools and work- 
ing in timber which will run from 8 to 10 logs per 1.000 feet, will 
ordinarily cut between 5,000 and 6,000 feet per day, the logs varying 
in length from 1*2 to 16 feet. The average wage for this class of 
work in 1916 was approximately $3 per day, board not included. If 
the average cut is 5,000 feet per day, the cost per 1,000 for sawing 
would be $1.20. On the other hand, take two equally good sawyers 
and equip them with a rusty worn-out saw, poor axes, and no wedges, 
and the best they can cut will be around 3,000 feet per day. At the 
same rate of wages this timber will cost the operator $2 per 1,000 for 
bucking alone. The latter crew loses the price of a new crosscut saw 
every seven working days, or the price of a new ax every clay. Lack 
of good cant hooks, swamp hooks, logging chains, etc.. cuts further 
into the profit margin. 
Each saw gang should be provided with a pair of good steel wedges 
(preferably forged crucible tool steel) and a maul to drive them. 
The usual practice is for the sawyer to stop and whittle out a wooden 
