RURAL HIGHWAY MILEAGE, INCOME, AND EXPENDITURES 7 
and maintenance, engineering, or administration during the year. 
In order to make the 1921 disbursements comparable with the data 
secured for 1922 it is only necessary to deduct the amounts given 
in the above statement under the heading "All other items." After 
making these allowances we find that the comparable total for 1921 
is $911,589,895, of which $385,382,414 was expended by or under the 
supervision of the respective State highway departments and $526,- 
207,481 by the local communities without any direct State control or 
supervision. 
HIGHWAY MILEAGE 
On January 1, 1922, the total mileage of rural public roads amounted 
to 2,941,294 miles, of which 387,760 miles, or 13.2 per cent, were 
improved with some form of surfacing. Of the surfaced mileage 
63,339 miles were improved with sand-clay; 199,899 miles with 
gravel; 58,036 miles with waterbound macadam; 19,309 miles with 
surface-treated macadam; 10,264 miles with bituminous macadam; 
1,601 miles with sheet asphalt; 4,978 miles with bituminous concrete; 
15,611 miles with Portland cement concrete; 3,333 miles with brick 
and 11,390 miles with miscellaneous types of surface. More than 
half of our surfaced mileage, 51.6 per cent, was therefore of gravel, 
while the two types of sand-clay and gravel formed 67.9 per cent, 
and, if we include with the gravel and sand-clay the miscellaneous 
types, we find that these three types formed 70.8 per cent of our total 
surfaced road mileage. The macadams formed 22.6 per cent and the 
pavements only 6.6 per cent of the total surfaced mileage. Of the 
25,610 miles of pavements existing at the beginning of 1922, 15,611 
miles, or 61 per cent, were of Portland cement concrete. Further- 
more, of the 6,228 miles of pavements built during the year 1922, 
Portland cement concrete formed 4,959 miles, or 79.6 per cent of the 
total. 
Of the individual States, Indiana at the beginning of 1922 had the 
largest mileage of surfaced roads, a total of 39,857 miles of which, 
however, 30,801 miles were gravel. Nevada on the other hand had 
only 168 miles of surfaced roads, but of these 28 miles were paved. 
California led the States in the mileage of concrete roads with 2,613 
miles, followed by Illinois with 1,534 miles of this type. Ohio was 
easily first in the mileage of brick roads with 1,316 miles followed 
by Florida with 539 miles. In the mileage of bituminous concrete 
Oregon was first with 746 miles, closely followed by New Jersey with 
715 miles. Of sheet asphalt, California had 585 miles while Florida 
had 474 miles. Of bituminous macadam New York had 3,740 miles, 
while Ohio had 1,318 and Massachusetts 1,269 miles of this type. 
Of waterbound macadam roads Ohio had 14,380 miles and Ken- 
tucky 10,624 miles. Of gravel roads Indiana had 30,801 miles and 
Ohio 14,931 miles. In mileage of sand-clay roads Georgia was first 
with 14,128 miles and North Carolina second with 12,198. 
RESULTS ACCOMPLISHED TO THE CLOSE:OF£l922 
In 1904 the total mileage of rural roads amounted to 2,151,379 
miles, of which 153,530 miles, or 7.14 per cent, were improved with 
some form of surfacing. By the close of 1921 our rural roads had 
increased to 2,941,294 miles, of which 387,760 miles, or 13.17 per 
