GIPSY MOTH WORK IN NEW ENGLAND. 7 
flies emerging early in July. One or more broods may follow 
before cold weather in case native larvae are at hand to serve as 
hosts. 
A species of Apanteles (A. melanoscelis Ratz.), which was received 
in small numbers from Italy in the summer of 1912, was liberated 
near the laboratory at Melrose Highlands, Mass. It is double-brooded, 
both generations being passed on. gipsy-moth caterpillars. This 
species has maintained itself since its introduction and promises to 
be a most valuable addition to the enemies of the gipsy moth. It 
has not been imported or recovered in sufficient numbers from the 
colony liberated in this country so that other colonies could be 
established, but is considered a very valuable species. 
The Calosoma beetle (C. sycophanta L.) (PL IV), while not strictly 
a parasite, is at the present time doing more effective work against 
the gipsy moth than any single introduced species. This large 
green beetle hibernates in the ground during the winter and emerges 
about the first of June. It feeds on the caterpillars and pupae of 
the gipsy moth and brown-tail moth, as well as on such native spe- 
cies as it may find. These beetles climb trees and are continuously 
searching for food. They live two or three years and after mid- 
summer burrow into the ground where they remain during the winter. 
On the average, 100 eggs are deposited in the ground annually by 
each female. The beetle larvse hatch in about a week. They are 
proficient tree climbers and feed constantly on the caterpillars and 
pupas of the gipsy moth or other insects until they become full grown 
about the middle of July. This species has increased and spread 
in a most satisfactory manner, and has made great inroads on the 
gipsy moth in many localities. Both the beetles and the larvae attack 
the caterpillars of the brown-tail moth, so that double benefit results. 
Another parasite, one which attacks the brown-tail moth only, 
is a hymenopteron known as Meteorus versicolor Wesm. It has 
become well established, but is seldom found in great numbers. 
It is possible that this species may increase rapidly later on, but 
at the present time it does not appear to be as beneficial as those 
that have previously been mentioned. Several species of introduced 
tachinid flies are recovered occasionally, but in such small numbers 
as to indicate that they are not at the present time doing effective 
work. 
An enormous amount of careful study and a large number of 
detailed experiments have been carried on in order to determine the 
life histories, habits, and utility of the different species which have 
been introduced. It has been necessary from time to time to develop 
new methods of handling these species in order to get the data 
desired, and practically all the equipment and breeding devices 
