MARKETING EASTERN GRAPES. V 
Goethe, Lindley, Virgennes, Ulster, and Wyoming; and of the blue 
or black varieties, the Campbell, Clinton, Cynthiana, Ives, Isabella, 
North, and Wilder. Of these, the Duchess, the Elvira, the Ives, the 
Norton, and the Cynthiana were used largely for wine, and it is ques- 
tionable whether the continued production of these varieties will be 
found profitable, on account of the various commercial weaknesses 
each one possesses. The Ives, however, has been successfully used for 
the manufacture of grape juice, and this market outlet may be 
further developed for this variety. 
METHODS OF PREPARATION FOR MARKET. 
The changes forced upon tne grape industry by recent legislation 
necessitate the most careful and businesslike handling of the crop. 
Astonishingly large numbers of growers and shippers are entirely 
unacquainted with methods and channels of distribution employed 
in other sections. Accordingly, this study and report have been 
made on comprehensive lines. 
PICKING. 
In picking, the bunches are cut from the vines with short, sharp 
spring scissors or grape shears and are laid in the tray or picking 
basket. This tray is usually placed on a low stool which is carried 
along the rows. The stool makes for efficiency and higher quality, 
as it is unnecessary for the picker to bend over each time a bunch 
is placed and the damage to the fruit which would result from care- 
lessness in throwing or dropping the bunches into the container is 
avoided. When full, the trays or baskets in which the fruit is 
picked are placed in the row under the vines to be collected later. 
Stone boats or narrow double-turn wagons are used to collect the 
full containers and carry them to the packing house or station. 
TRIMMING AND PACKING. 
For a high-class pack some trimming is usually found necessary 
to remove defective berries. Although the fruit is seldom affected 
by insect pests, in some sections the second brood of larvae of the 
grape-berry moth feeds on the inside of the berry, resulting in a 
shrunken condition or in so-called " wormy " grapes, which at times 
cause serious damage but of a kind which does not spread. The 
black rot often destroys many berries in a cluster and sometimes the 
entire cluster, while infection by the powdery mildew may destroy 
the marketability of individual berries or whole bunches. Also, in 
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