MARKETING PRACTICES OF CREAMERIES. — 7 
make full cars for separate destination, which’ resulted in quicker 
time in transit to the final destination. The through rate to eastern 
points was a combination rate on St. Paul or Chicago. The second- 
class rate appled to that portion of the routing east of St. Paul or 
| Chicago, and was the same for carload and less-than-carload ship- 
+ ments, so that the through carload rate was very little lower than the 
| through less-than-carload rate. 


Fic. 2.—Consolidating less-than-carload shipments destined to the same market into 
one car. 
SHRINKAGE OF BUTTER FROM CREAMERY TO MARKET. 
Shrinkage is usually considered as the difference between the weight 
of butter at the creamery and at the market. Since only tub butter 
is sold on the weight-at-market basis, the investigations were confined , 
to this style of package. Prior to the date on which the net weight 
amendment to the Federal food and drug act became effective many 
creameries did not weigh their butter carefully before shipping. This 
amendment requires that the net weight of each package be marked 
upon it. If the weight is overmarked the creamery becomes liable 

