PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION OF DAIRY PRODUCTS. 13 
the railroads reached out into the counties where butter and cheese 
manufacturing had become prominent. In order to determine what 
was the influence of this competition of market milk with the milk for 
butter and cheese production, a detailed study of the changes in a 
few counties might bo of value. In the counties where milk shipment 
began early, as in Westchester, Putnam, Dutchess, and Columbia, 
butter and cheese production on farms never became important, and 
in recent years a decreasing percentage of the total milk produced 
has been used for the production of butter and cheese, either on the 
farm or in the factory. Although there was a tendency for the num- 
ber of cows to increase between 1880 and 1890, in most instances the 
number has been decreasing in recent years. 
Delaware County is a county in which the introduction of butter 
and cheese factories and the shipping of market milk took place at 
about the same time. In 1890, 6,600,000 pounds of butter was pro- 
duced on farms; in 10 years it decreased to 6,000,000, and the factory 
production amounted to 2,000,000. In 1910 the farm production was 
less than 1,000,000 pounds, and the factory production had increased 
so that in some years it amounted to over 5,000,000 pounds. In the 
meantime milk received by the condenseries and milk-shipping sta- 
tions had reached nearly 25,000,000 gallons annually. The number 
of dairy cows in Delaware County continues to increase. In 1860 
there were over 38,000; in 1880, 58,000; in 1910, 78,000. 
tlerkimer and Chenango are counties where factory-cheese produc- 
tion became established early in its development, and market milk 
did not begin to compete until after 1890. Here, also, is found a 
marked decrease in the production of farm butter, and apparently 
a slight decline in the manufacture of butter and cheese, but the 
amount of milk received by milk-shipping stations continues to rise. 
The number of dairy cows reached it maximum in 1880 and shows a 
decline since that census. 
Although New York is the only State in the North Atlantic group 
which showed an increase in dairy cows in 1910 over 1900, the increase 
was very slight and due primarily to the spreading of the dairy 
industry into areas formerly prominent for their grain production- 
For the State as a whole, the most marked change in the dairy indus- 
try was a decrease of farm-made butter from 75,000,000 pounds to 
23,000,000 pounds, while there was an increase of only a little over 
5,000,000 pounds in factory-made butter. The decrease in cheese 
production amounted to 25,000,000 pounds. Consequently a large 
part of the milk formerly used to produce butter and cheese on farms 
is now sold to be consumed raw. 
MILK SUPPLY OF BOSTON. 
Prior to 1870 all of the milk consumed in Boston came from a dis- 
tance of not more than 65 miles. By 1890 the Boston & Maine Rail- 
road was bringing milk from a distance of 150 miles, and in 1910, 275 
