22 BULLETIN 591, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
bleaching-powder solution 1 containing 2.3 grains of available chlorine 
per liter. It was allowed to stand in a pile until a good white was 
obtained, the time required being 1 hour and 5 minutes. The goods 
were then washed twice with clean water, and squeezed in a 4-roll 
water mangle at a speed of 124 yards per minute, with the lever set 
for a light pressure of approximately 500 pounds. 
Starching. — The goods were passed at a speed of 120 yards per 
minute through a starch mangle, which contained the following 
mixture: 45 pounds of cornstarch: 10 ounces of bluing, 2 20 ounces 
of tint. 3 
These ingredients were mixed with 100 gallons of water heated to 
a temper ature of 180° F., and cooked to a paste, a subsequent analysis 
of which showed 3.015 per cent of solids. 
Drying and calendering. — The goods were dried on a set of copper 
cylinders, after which they were allowed to cool, moistened on a 
rotary brush type sprinkler and calendered cold at a speed at 104 
yards per minute on a three-roll calender. A rigid bow expander 
was used to obtain the width. Finally, the goods were measured off 
on a yarding machine, inspected, and packed. 
By selecting the 10 gray pieces of cloth woven in both the warp 
and filling from each of the five different grades of eastern upland 
cotton and the five different grades of western upland cotton, it 
was comparatively easy to arrange these samples in the order of the 
grades of cotton from which they were produced. The samples of 
the bleached cloth, however, produced from the Good Middling and 
Middling Fair cotton were indistinguishable as to the degree of white- 
ness: the bleached cloth representing the Middling cotton could be 
distinguished from the Good Middling and Middling Fair by very close 
comparison: the cloth made from Low Middling bleached compara- 
tively well, but with a less degree of lustre and brightness: while the 
cloth produced from the grade of Good Ordinary cotton could be 
distinguished readily by the bluish cast. 
Each of these 10 samples of bleached cloth was presented to a 
number of cloth brokers, and it was the general opinion that the 
cloth representing the grades of Middling Fair, Good Middling, and 
Middling were of the same money value, but that preference would 
be given in the markets to cloth produced from the higher grades. 
The bleached cloth made from Low Middling and Good Ordinary 
would not be accepted as of equal value with that produced from the 
higher grades. 
1 The bleaching machine was similar to the scouring machine, but ran at a speed of from 100 to 110 yards 
per minute. From 100 to 500 yards of cloth were kept in the bleaching solution. 
2 A solution of blue basic dye. 
s A solution of a reddish-blue basic dye. 
