TESTS OF OFFICIAL COTTON STANDARDS FOR GRADE. 3 
were mixed thoroughly. The cotton was run through a bale breaker 
and then through an air pipe, which conveyed it a distance of ap- 
proximately 200 feet, where it was deposited in a large pile. Inva- 
riably this was done late in the afternoon, and the loose cotton was 
left in this condition over night. 
While the cotton was passing through the breaker and finisher 
pickers and cards total weights of the stock were obtained after each 
process on scales sensitive to half an ounce. The different grades 
were run through the same machines and subjected to the same 
speeds, settings, drafts, etc., throughout all the manufacturing proc- 
esses, subject to such changes as were necessary to maintain a cor- 
rect weight of the stock. The cards were stripped at regular inter- 
vals in conformity with the best mill practices. There was no 
intermediate process of doubling in the picker room; therefore three 
processes of drawings were used. The bands, spindles, rolls, etc., on 
the spinning frame were examined carefully in order to eliminate in 
so far as possible such mechanical defects as would tend to reduce 
or vary the quality of the product. 
Table I gives the organizations of the machines used in the manu- 
facture of 22 J s yarn. 
Table I. — Organization of machinery for 22' 's yarn. 
Machine. 
Pickers: 
Bale breaker- 
Opener and breaker (combined) . 
Finisher " 
Cards 
Drawing frames: 
First drawing 
Second drawing 
Third drawing 
Fly frames: 
Slubber 
Intermediate. 
Fine 
Spinning: 
Ring frame . 
Ring frame. 
Actual 
draft. 
4.50 
J9.65 
5.38 
5.43 
5.52 
4.5 
5.60 
6.28 
Doubling, 
Size. 
16-oz. lap.. 
13J-OZ. lap. 
56 grains . . 
62.5 grains. 
69 grains . . 
75 grains.. 
0.5 hank 
roving. 
1.40 hank 
roving. 
4.4 hank 
roving. 
22 , 
22 
Twist per 
inch. 
0.85 
1.42 
2.51 
22. 23 warp. 
17. 50 filling. 
WASTE PERCENTAGES. 
The percentages of waste discarded in the manufacturing processes 
from each of the five grades of cotton of both the eastern and western 
upland lots are found in Table II. These percentages were computed 
in the following manner: The waste discarded at each machine was 
considered as being a certain percentage of the net amount of cotton 
fed into that machine, but the total percentages as given "through 
the card'' were based on the net amount of cotton fed into the first 
waste-cleaning machine. The tare on the bales was not included in 
these calculations. 
