INSPECTION AND GRADING OF HAY. 13 
the hay from other cars touches the sides of the pile then only the 
ends of the carload are exposed for inspection. 
The lighting in the warehouse is a very important factor in the 
successful use of this method. In some warehouses the hay on one 
side has a much better light than the hay on the other side. Some- 
times it is comparatively easy to inspect hay on a bright day, but 
when cloudy it is nearly impossible to make a fair inspection. 
There are two general methods of making out warehouse inspec- 
tion certificates. One is to state the grades of hay found in the pile, 
with no attempt to state definitely the number of bales of each kind ; 
the other is to estimate the percentage of each kind of hay showing 
on the outside of the pile. Neither method of filling out certificates 
is entirely satisfactory, especially when the shipper and receiver do 
not have much confidence in each other. 
BALE INSPECTION. 
Bale inspection is not now used in any of the important markets, 
except in case of reinspection. A real bale inspection consists of 
the careful examination of each bale. Bale inspection is rarely 
called for until the car is partly unloaded and hay, other than the 
grade purchased, is discovered. When this happens unloading is 
stopped and the inspector is called in. Upon his arrival he inspects 
only the hay remaining in the car, because bale inspection usually 
occurs at the warehouse of the buyer and the inspector has no way 
of ascertaining what hay came out of the car. 
With a badly mixed car the careful inspector usually catches each 
bale with his hay hook as it comes out of the car and by keeping it 
on end he can easily turn it so that all four sides can be seen. A 
careful record of the weight and number of bales of each grade is 
made and a certificate is filled out showing just what the inspector 
finds. 
REINSPECTION. 
In some markets reinspection consists of bale inspection, but in 
many other markets reinspection differs materially from bale in- 
spection. In such cases the hay remaining in the car is not inspected 
bale by bale, but the quality of the hay is estimated in bulk as it 
appears in the car. With this method of reinspection the certificate 
does not state just how many " off-grade " bales were found, but 
leaves this rather important matter to the buyer. This is very un- 
fair to the shipper, but as he sells hay on the terms of the terminal 
market, he is obliged to abide by the rules, grades, and practices of 
that market. The charge for reinspection ranges from 75 cents to 
$3 per car. 
CERTIFICATES OF GRADE AND THEIR USES. 
USE OF " IN " CERTIFICATES. 
1 The principal use of " in " inspection certificates, when terminal 
inspection was instituted, was to furnish official evidence regarding 
