30 BULLETIN 979, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
These practices cause enormous losses from time to time and help 
to increase the spread in prices between those paid to the producer 
and those paid by the consumer. Many losses could be prevented by 
trade organizations if regulations for outshipments of hay were made 
similar to those now in effect for inshipments. Too many markets 
seem to be pursuing the short-sighted policy of making regulations 
which do not give proper consideration to those shipping to the mar- 
ket and those buying from it, with the result that both producers and 
consumers are now greatly interested in perfecting some marketing 
agency that will eliminate the large central markets which allow 
unfair practices. 
MOVEMENT TO MARKET. 
By far the greatest part of the hay which moves to large markets is 
by rail. However, the amount being transported by auto trucks is 
constantly increasing. At several of the large eastern markets, in- 
cluding Baltimore and Philadelphia, the amount of hay received by 
truck is almost, if not equal, to that received by rail. This condition 
is subject to change because only hay from neighboring sections can 
be marketed by truck and the supply of this hay may be very limited 
some seasons. Hay is also shipped by boat on inland rivers, but in 
small lots making up a very small percentage of the total amount 
shipped. The difficulty and expense of getting the hay to or from the 
boat, and of finding warehouse space to store the hay until sold, are 
the principal disadvantages of shipping hay by water. There are 
practically no facilities for loading hay from the boat to cars and 
hence but little reshipping can be done. 
At practically all markets shipments arriving are placed in outside 
or hold yards and the consignee is notified. At some terminal mar- 
kets, however, the various railroads have designated certain tracks 
or yards as hay tracks or hay yards and place all hay arriving over 
their lines at these locations. Where special hay tracks have been 
provided, arrangements are made in some markets whereby the cars 
are placed immediately on the special tracks. At others the con- 
signee must surrender the bill of lading and order the cars to the 
destination desired. 
At Cincinnati a special yard has been leased by the grain and hay 
exchange and arrangements have been made by which cars from all 
roads are placed in this yard for sale. A joint railroad agent is 
stationed at the yards and bills of lading need not be surrendered 
until the cars are sold and ready to be reconsigned. A switching 
charge of $3 is made by the road placing the cars in this special yard, 
but this charge is borne by the inbound carrier if the revenue is $10 
or more per car. At most other markets no charge is made for plac- 
