4 BULLETIN 588, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
Originally the only water on the lands now within the Reserve was 
in a number of mountain springs, few of which furnish any consider- 
able flow. Stock water for the plains and mesa, both on the Reserve 
and on the adjacent range lands, is pumped from deep wells by wind- 
mills and engines or is provided by tanks which catch the flood waters, — 
As a usual thing, there is net enough water for the stock. 
Before the une were placed under reservation in 1912 a number 
of individuals had attempted to establish permanent stock ranches 
on them. But the difficulty and cost of smking permanent wells, the 
prevalence of droughts, and severe losses discouraged the small 
owners, and their range rights were purchased eventually by a single 
stockman.t Up to the time the Reserve was created, however, no 
adequate provision had been made to prevent overgrazing or to effect 
improvement of the stock. - Also, the area lacked adequate facilities 
for handling and caring for the breeding stock in a way to increase the 
calf crop and prevent losses. Occasionally a small quantity of con- 
centrated feed was used to supplement the range forage, but for the 
most part the efforts along this line were unorganized. 
RANGE IMPROVEMENT BY NATURAL REVEGETATION. 
If the best results are to be secured in range management, both the 
requirements of the vegetation which makes up the forage crop and 
the practical demands of the stock must be kept in mind. These two 
factors are especially important on year-long ranges of the Southwest, 
where the time during Upanon there is sufficient moisture for plant 
growth is so short. 
Figure 2 shows that the range in the western portion of the Reserve 
is largely grama and mixed grasses, which make their main growth 
during July, August, and September. This forage is usually preferred 
by animals while it is green, but it cures well on the stalk and is good 
feed at any time of the year. Consequently it is especially valuable 
as winter range. ‘The forage of the middle portion of the Reserve is 
composed principally of grasses ? which furnish a good class of: forage 
when green, but which have little value as feed when mature and dry. 
This class of range is therefore of value primarily during the growing 
season. 
1 Mr. C. T. Turney, who is cooperating with the Forest Service in carrying on the studies. At the time 
the Reserve was created the 200,000-acre range unit was conceded to Mr. Turney by neighboring stockmen 
under common or range rights established through the construction of watering places and the purchase of 
prior rights and improvements of other owners. He leases all State lands and owns certain private lands 
around the wells. The Government furnishes the public lands under reservation for a period long enough 
to reimburse Mr. Turney for expenditures in conducting the experiments. The investigations are planned 
by the Government and the stockman. All fencing, water development, and other construction werk,as 
well as extra labor in handling the stock for experimental purposes, are paid for by the cooperator in lieu of 
grazing fees on the Government lands. 'The Government furnishes the men to keep proper records of all 
experiments and to aid in planning new investigations. 
+ Tobosa grass, drop-seed grasses, muhlenbergias, and burro grass, 
