50 BULLETIN 1282, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
Foliage—Very dense. Leaves small but very numerous. Leaves tend to 
recurve or fold or roll up along midrib. (Pl. XXVI, C.) 
Blade: Small to quite large (4 by 24 to 14 by 32? inches) ; average rather 
small (? by 28 inches; ratio of width to length,2:7). Shape generally elliptical 
ovate; narrow, but width varies. Base acute; origin of sides symmetrical or 
slightly unsymmetrical. Apex long, tapering, acute. Margins irregular, usually 
crenate, the depth, regularity, and length of crenations varying; occasionally 
margins are dentate or serrate. Midrib rather large and prominent. Veins 
medium distinct. Upper surface of blade glossy, light green; lower surface 
slightly lighter than upper. Leaves remain on tree very late, Some remaining 
over winter until new leaves start in the spring. 
Petiole: Varies somewhat in length and stockiness (averages ? inch in 
length: average ratio of length of petiole to length of blade, 2:7). Rather 
rigid; frequently twisted; light green in color; the narrow, deep groove is 
slightly darker than the rest of the petiole. Glands two to eight, commonly 
two or four, rather small dark brown, always on petiole near base of blade. 
Sometimes serrations May appear on petiole; very occasionally a stipule is 
present. 
Bearing habit—Bears good crops. Nuts commonly borne in pairs. Spurs 
mostly on wood 2 and 3 years old; long (4 to 7 inch) and medium in diameter 
(4 inch), expand suddenly to form wide oval or almost round disk (% by 6 
to is by + inch). Bears some on laterals as well as on spurs. Buds free, 
plump, slightly flattened, bluntly tapering; scales rather large, dark, reddish 
brown, thin, tough, with considerable short, gray pubescence on edges. 
NUT 
Immature nut.—Size, rather small to medium (14 by } by 2 to 14 by & by 3 
inches). Shape crooked, irregular ellipse. Ventral edge much curved, de- 
pressed at base. Dorsal edge straight or recurved, usually considerably re- 
curved at apex, giving it a crescent shape; no dorsal ridge. Base much taper- 
ing, depressed on dorsal edge. Apex pointed, recurved on dorsal edge; scimitar 
shaped. 
Hull: Outer surface green, changing to greenish brown or grayish brown; 
pubescence gray, medium length, fine, felty. Rudiment short. Edges of halves 
where dehisced, dark brown in color, much darker than rest of hull. In de- 
hiscing, inner surface of hull usually takes a portion of the outer shell of the 
nut with it. Dehisces on ventral edge only; halves spread unequally; edges 
have tendency to roll inward. Ripens from August 25 to September 25. 
Hulled nut.—(P1. IV, FE.) Size rather small to medium (14 by té by 4 to 
1: by 2 by 3 inches). Number to the pound, 220 to 300. Percentage of kernel 
to shell in hand-cracked samples, 50; in machine-cracked orchard run, 32. 
Shape: Plump. very long in proportion to length; viewed flatwise, crescent 
shaped, oval. Viewed edgewise, long ovate, sides usually symmetrical, curving 
outward at base, very gently curving outward at apex. Axis very close to 
dorsal edge. Ventral edge curving, most sharply curving near apex. Wing 
distinct, but never prominent, usually not pronounced at base and most pro- 
nounced at apex, medium in thickness to thin. Dorsal edges rather straight, 
gently curving outward near base, curving inward near base or near apex, 
with slight grooves or pits. Base very pointed, usually depressed on ventral 
side. Stem scar small, nearly round, usually slightly elevated, at right angles 
to axis or sloping slightly either ventrally or dorsally. Apex distinctive ; 
ventral edge curved abruptly so as to approach axis (which is very close to 
the dorsal edge) at nearly right angles to the dorsal edge, giving the point 
a Sharp distinctive curve dorsally. 
Shell: Various shades of light brown in color; soft. Outer shell soft and 
crumbly. Pits quite numerous, variable in size and shape, mostly round and 
rather small, occurring even on dorsal ridge; surface of shell between pits 
coarsely stippled. Short grooves appear on ventral edge and frequently deep, 
irregular grooves at base end. Canals numerous and large. Network of large 
fibers. Inner shell thin. Inner surface light brown, lighter in color than 
outer surface, with shallow ridges longitudinally. Ventral streak" short to 
medium in length, medium narrow in width, rich brown, apex acuminate, 
base wide, round, and never close to base of nut, frequently only slightly past 
middle of ventral edge. 
Kernel: Some doubles: size medium (% by 4 by % inch). Oceasionally a 
gummy kernel is found. Very long in proportion to width. Plump. Fills shell 
