60 BULLETIN 1282, U. 8. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
Description 
TREE 
Upright with rather spreading top (ratio of width of head to height, 1:14). 
Vigorous, branches profusely, bushy. ‘Trunk long, stocky; bark rough, with 
very deep cracks. 
Main branches.—Medium in length, stocky, grow upright; scraggly; branches 
profusely. Branching angle acute. Wood brittle. Bark cherry brown, coy-- 
ered with thick silver-gray epidermis; rough on old branches, exfoliates in 
thick, large patches. 
Twigs.—Medium long, rather slender. Branching angle acute. Nodes me- 
dium size. Internodes short (4 to 1 inch). Bark light green with some gray 
bloom; with dark reddish patches in autumn. 
Lenticels—Numerous. Size on 8 to 10 year old bark, 3s by ¢ to 3 by % 
inch. Dark gray, raised; elliptical with tapering ends and acute or acuminate 
apexes. 
Foliage—Dense. Leaves on individual twigs numerous; many in clusters. 
Blade: Average rather small (2 by 2 to 1 by 34 inches; average, ~ by 3 
inches; ratio of width to length, 2:7). Shape, ovate, but somewhat variable. 
ase quite obtuse; origin of sides Symmetrical or slightly unsymmetrical. Apex 
long, tapering, acute or bluntly rounding. Margins with long and shallow 
serrations or crenations, bristles long and narrow. Main rib slender. Veins 
distinct; slightly elevated on under side. Upper surface of blade light green. 
Lower surface a little lighter than upper. Blade tends to be flat. 
Petiole: Rather short to medium (average $ ineh; ratio of length of petiole 
to length of blade, 1:4). Pale green, tinged with red on upper surface in 
autumn. Groove narrow and shallow. Glands two to four, commonly two or 
three, rather small, brownish, globular. 
Bearing habit.—Bears well. Nuts borne mostly singly, but some in clusters; 
on spurs on wood 2 to 4 years old, mostly on wood 2 and 3 years old. Spurs 
medium in length (4 inch) and diameter (¢ inch); expand suddenly to wide 
oval disk (4+ by 4 inch). Buds medium size, pointed conical; scales dark 
brown, large, thin, tough, with very small quantity of short pubescence. 
NUT 
Immature nut.—Plump. Short, wide oval, almost round. Ventral edge very 
much curved (in form of a cirele) ; very slight ventral ridge; suture depres- 
sion very narrow (3% inch) and shallow (¢¢ inch). Dorsal edge curves less 
than ventral, curves most abruptly at apex; ridge present. Base very plump, 
round, sharply dorsally sloping; stem cavity 4 to 7 inch across, i inch deep. 
Apex broad, round, plump; style stays on late; rudiment small. 
Hull: Outer surface green, turning first yellowish brown and then grayish 
brown; pubescence thick, short, fine, gray, felty. Dehisces on ventral edge: 
spreads open at base; edges curve inward at apex; occasionally cracks in 
middle of dorsal edge. Ripens from August 20 to September 6. 
Hulled nut—(Pl. VI, A.) Medium size (14 by 1 by #? inches). Number 
of nuts to the pound, 120 to 180. Percentage of kernel to nut, 35. 
Shape: Plump, short and wide, quite globular; part on wing side of axis 
cordate; part on dorsal side of axis long oval or ovate; (viewed edgewise, 
nut is very wide in proportion to length, being very wide-ovate, or oval, 
almost round). Ventral edge very curving. Flange, quite thick, medium 
prominent to prominent. Dorsal edge invariably sloping at dorsal shoulder, 
rather straight in middle, sharply curving near apex; dorsal ridge wide, 
heavy, and prominent; dorsal suture usually distinct, or else fibers show entire 
length of dorsal edge. Base cordate in shape; very sloping from ventral to 
dorsal shoulder for some distance each side of stem scar; dorsal shoulder 
sloping and much below ventral shoulder; base end of nut very plump; 
stem scar very large and wide, always sloping very much dorsally. Apex 
very wide, obtuse, and plump, with a very small acute tip; sometimes wing 
is quite prominent at the apex; in other cases it is indistinct. 
Shell: Usually very light grayish brown in color; hard. Pits deep, round, 
of various sizes. Exceedingly short grooves at base. Grooves on ventral edge 
of varying lengths running nearly parallel to the wing. Dorsal ridge with 
spongy fibers in its center. Outer and inner shell thick, Canals exceedingly 
large, long oval in shape. Fibers small for size of canals. Inner shell dark 

