49 BULLETIN 1282, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
Main branches.—Tend to originate in whorls on all ages of wood; stocky, 
short, crooked, zigzag. Branching angle very obtuse (approaching a right 
angle). Bark on 6-year-old wood or younger very smooth except for knots; 
yellowish red. 
Twigs—Numerous, giving tree a brushy appearance; medium in length, 
rather stocky, rigid. Branching angle obtuse. Wood tough, bark brittle, with 
heavy gray bloom. Nodes exceedingly small. Internodes medium in length 
(3 to 14 inches). 
Lenticels—vVery numerous; rather evenly distributed, long, narrow; much_ 
raised, gray, rough. Apexes obtusely pointed. Sides have a tendency near 
middle to be straight rather than curving. (Size on bark 5 and 6 years old, 
sa» by + to # by 4 inch.) On young wood lenticels short, oval. On twigs, 
lenticels numerous, small, round, grayish green. (See Pl. XVII, A.) 
Foliage—Dense. Leaves very numerous, remain on the tree late in fall. 
Many borne in clusters. Leaves curve upward from midrib to margin, edges 
seldom wrinkled. 
Blade: Small (% by 24 inches), wide, and short (ratio of width to length, 
1:3). Shape ovate-elliptical. Base obtuse, sharply curved; origin of sides 
symmetrical or nearly so. Apex bluntly acute, with margins curving gently 
outward. Margins gently curved, seldom wrinkled, widely crenate; bristles 
short, wide. Blade thick. Upper surface smooth and glossy. Lower surface 
lighter green than upper. Midrib light in color; medium in prominence. Veins 
very distinct. 
Petiole: Short (% inch, ratio of length of petiole to length of blade, about 
2:9), rigid, stocky; groove shallow; upper surface tinged with red in late 
summer. 
Bearing habit.—Distinctly an alternate bearer. Bears on spurs, mostly on 
2-year-old wood, some on 3-year-old wood. Many spurs compound, living one 
year only, although frequently producing a new leaf shoot the second year. 
Spurs slender (ss inch), long (14 to 2 inches); expands gradually to small, 
wide oval disk # by 2 inch. Leaf buds distinctly appressed. 
NUT 
Hulled nut.—(Pl. III, D.) Variable in size, average medium (14 by ¢ by 2 
inches). Number of nuts to the pound, 180 to 150. Percentage of kernel to 
nut in hand-cracked samples, 44. 
Shape: Irregular ovate; viewed edgewise, long oval with sides curving out- 
ward clear to tip, tip frequently bulging. Ventral edge gently curving on base 
half, gradually increasing in curve until apex is reached, curve varies some- 
what, but at apex edge of wing approaches axis at very obtuse angle. Longi- 
tudinal depression and ridge present. Wing rather thick, medium in promi- 
nence, ending in short Sharp tip at apex. Dorsal edge straight or gently curv- 
ing, curves inward at apex; dorsal ridge broad and marked with short longi- 
tudinally arranged parallel lines. Base somewhat constricted, narrowly trun- 
eate or slightly dished, sloping dorsally; dorsal shoulder rather square; ven- 
tral shoulder rounding; stem scar wide and large, gently sloping dorsally. 
Apex plump, ending in a sharp point, strikingly scimitar shaped. 
Shell: Light to dark brown in color, often golden brown; color varies much, 
according to type of soil upon which tree is grown; semisoft, some hard to 
break with fingers. Outer shell brittle and crumbly. Pits numerous, large to 
medium, varying in depth on same nut. Part of shell between pits coarsely 
stippled. Base end fluted with many ridges. Short, deep, wide grooves on 
ventral edge oblique to wing. Canals medium in size. Network of fibers 
coarse. Fibers large. Inner shell medium in thickness and very hard. Inner 
surface light brown in color with short and rather deep undulations. Ventral 
streak distinctive; dark brown in color, long, very wide, and cuneiform in 
shape, widening from the very tip to the base (seldom gets narrower from 
middle to base) ; base end very blunt and not clear cut, but rather ragged in 
appearance; sides not sharp, but gradually merging with the lighter brown of 
the inner shell; surface rough, appearing like fine sandpaper. 
Kernel: Rather small to medium (1 by 4 by 2 inch). Very many doubles (838 
per cent). Plump, narrow oval or slightly ovate. Ventral edge thick and 
gently curved, dorsal edge quite thick and gently curved. Base plump, usually 
rounding. Apex obtuse with very short, wide point. Pellicle dark brown, 
covered thickly with fine, short pubescence; veins indistinct; pellicle fold on 
upper third of nut. Flavor dry, neutral, very slightly sweet, mediocre. 
tt tame 
