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ay BULLETIN 1282, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
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the way up dorsal edge, halves remain attached at base, spread open at apex, 
and curl inward much. Many nuts dehisce on ventral edge only. Nuts mature 
from August 12 to,September 10 and ripen unevenly. 
Hulled nut.—(P1. II, C.) Size small to medium (average 12 by ¢ by x% 
inches). Number of nuts to the pound, 165 to 200. Percentage of kernel to 
shell in hand-cracked samples, 40. 
Shape: Moderately piump, ovoid, tapering to a point. Axis almost through 
middle of nut. Ventral edge curved, curved more than dorsal edge. Wing 
distinct and quite heavy, usually medium in prominence, with blunt edge. © 
Dorsal edge curved less than ventral. Base plump and bluntly round. Stem 
sear small to large, round, depressed at right angles to axis or sloping slightly 
dorsally (very seldom ventrally). Apex pointed with acute tip. 
Shell: Soft; outer surface medium brown. Pits vary in size, mostly round. 
Surface between pits usually stippled but sometimes smooth. Outer shell chips 
off somewhat in handling. Canals large, oval, fibers large. Inner shell darker 
brown than outer. Ventral streak dark brown, wide to medium, base blunt. 
Kernel: Size. medium to quite large (1 by 4 by 2 inch). Some doubles (20 
per cent). Color attractive, light brown. Varies in shape, but generally long 
oval and tapering to a point both in edgewise and sidewise view. Plump. 
Ventral shoulder more round and sloping than dorsal. Pellicle thin. Pubes- 
cence Short. Pellicle fold on apex half of ventral edge. 
Distinguishing characteristics—Classified according to shape, the Brown 
belongs to the group including the Cartagena, Concord, Fairoaks, Golden State, 
Rice, and Routier. On account of the close resemblance in shape, the nuts of 
these varieties are often confused with one another. Furthermore, various 
unnamed seedlings are in this class. Fortunately, with the exception of Golden 
State and Routier, nuts in this class are very limited as to locality where grown. 
The Brown is not grown outside of Yolo County and is distinguished from the 
Six varieties mentioned by the rather plump, long, narrow kernel, tapering 
from the base to the apex. It closely resembles Gelden State, but the Brown 
kernel is much longer in proportion to width and is more tapering at the apex, 
and the shell is lighter in color. 
COMMENTS 
This nut has little except its good flavor to recommend it. Its irregular ripen- 
ing habit makes the harvesting of all the nuts on the same date difficult, a fact 
which alone would condemn it. Further planting of the variety is not recom- 
mended. 
8. CALIFORNIA (CALIFORNIA PAPER SHELL) 
Origin —In California; exact locality and date unknown. The variety has 
been widely planted in California and to some extent in Australia. It is 
grown in the following districts in California: Arbuckle, Banning, Concord, 
Corning, Davis, Esparto, Live Oak, Lodi, Oakley, Orland, Sacramento, Suisun, 
Winters, Yuba City. 
Descriptien 
TREE 
Upright (ratio of width to height of head, 1:14), large, vigorous grower, 
branches profusely. Trunk stocky, straight. tendency to grow long; bark 
rough, exfoliating in smali flakes on old trunks. 
Main branches.—Rather long, moderately slender, upright. Branching angle 
acute. Wood brittle. Bark dull cherry red, commonly covered with patches of 
thick, ash-gray epidermis, which is often suflicient in amount to give the tree 
un ash-gray color at a short distance; exfoliates in thick small flakes and 
occasionally in large patches. Many small knots present. 
Twigs.—Numerous, medium in length, rather stocky, rigid. Branching angle 
acute. Wood brittle. Nodes medium to small. Internodes of moderate length 
(s to 14 inches). Bark medium tough and thick. 
Lenticels—Usually very numerous; slightly raised; size varies much, small 
to rather large (on bark 8 to 10 years old, 7s by gs to vs by ve inch), wide 
oval, ends acute with extreme apexes acuminate. Slightly raised. Frequently 
bark around lenticels is ash gray. On young wood lenticels are variable in 
number and irregular in shape, on twigs small and numerous. 
Foliage.—Dense. 
ieee — OT 
