26 BULLETIN 1282, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
acuminate. Margins with deep short crenations; sometimes serrate or doubly 
serrate; bristle exceedingly short. Midrib medium in size and in prominence, 
pale in color. Veins distinct and frequently elevated on lower surface. Upper 
surface, medium light velvety green. Lower surface dull in color, a little 
lighter than the upper. 
Petiole: Slightly twisted, generally rather long, but varies much in stockiness | 
and length (length, 4 to 14 inches; average, about ¢ inch; ratio of length of 
petiole to length of blade, 1:4); larger in diameter where attached to twig than 
elsewhere. Under surface in midsummer is pale greenish yeliow. Upper sur-. 
face light green, tinged with red in autumn. Groove deep; rather wide. 
Glands, two to four, medium sized, wide oval, dark brown or rusty red on 
petiole. Pairs of glands seldom opposite each other; frequently the basal 
crenation of the blade on one side next to the petiole is glandular. 
Bearing habit—Heavy and rather regular bearer. Tendency to bear in 
clusters. Bears on wood 1 to 5 years old; mostly on wood 2 and 8 years old. 
Bears mostly on spurs, but has a considerable number of nuts on 1-year-old 
twigs. Some nuts borne in pairs. Spurs long (4 to 2 inch) and stocky 
(4 to # inch), but variable: expand gradually to wide-oval disk (3% by + 
inch). Nuts adhere to spurs tightly until thoroughly mature, when they break 
away easily. Buds free, very large, very long, conical, tapering, sharp pointed; 
bud scales dark reddish brown, thin, hard, tough, with smail amount of very 
short fine pubescence on edges. Flower buds on laterals as well as on spurs. 
NUT 
Immature nut—Size generally large (14 by 114 by 1% to 12 by 12 by 13 
inches). Shape wide ovate; part on ventral side of axis, ovate; on dorsal side, 
long ovate or sometimes long obovate. Ventral edge much curved, nearly 
describing a half circle: without ridge (4 inch wide, zs inch high). Suture de- 
pression narrow {7s to 4 inch), seldom deep, deepest at base ( ¢¢ to 22 inch), 
suture line distinct. One side of edge near suture Sometimes elevated more 
than the other. Dorsal edge rather straight and very gently curving in middle, 
curves sharply at apex and very sharply near base. Base sloping dorsally, 
ventral shoulder very rounding and much above stem sear, dorsal shoulder 
below stem scar, cavity very shallow (¢: inch deep, } to 2 inch wide). Apex 
broad and round with dorsal edge curving more than ventral; suture line 
frequently depressed just to ventral side of rudiment; style drops early; 
rudiment => to ¢ inch long, covered with pubescence. 
Hull: Outer surface either smooth or slightly bumpy, green, becoming dull 
red when mature: short grooves at base, pubescence very short, very fine, silky, 
gray, medium abundant, most abundant at apex. Inner surface as dehiscence 
starts is greenish gray. Frequently edges of hull are pink. In dehiscing, hull 
starts to split first on ventral edge and then on dorsal edge, either at its base 
or apex end. When the hull is completely divided into halves it remains 
attached at base, but frequently the hull dehisces along ventral edge only. 
Cracks crosswise at the apex are common. Nut matures August 15 to Sep- 
tember 25. 
Hulled nut—(P1. I, D.) Somewhat variable; medium to large (1} by 1 by 3 
inches to 14 by 14 by #2 inches). Number of nuts to the pound, 120 to 190. 
Percentage of kernel to nut in hand-cracked samples, 42. 
Shape: Moderately plump, ovate: wide in proportion to length. Viewed 
edgewise, ovate, but frequently unsymmetrical, sides bulging. Ventral edge 
clear cut and sharply curving. Wing moderately to quite prominent, especially 
near its middle. Flange of medium thickness. Dorsal edge quite straight, 
curving at ends, generally sharply curving inward at apex, with slightly 
elevated dorsal ridge most prominent at ends. Base rounding. Stem scar 
variable in size, usually quite small, slightly depressed, sloping slightly toward 
the dorsal edge, sometimes at right angles to the axis. Apex obtusely pointed 
with short mucronate tip. Thickness of point varies. Viewed edgewise, the 
sides at the apex generally curve outward. 
Shell: Outer surface light brown, soft, and generally somewhat crumbly, 
but this varies with the season. Sometimes the shell is covered with a pale, 
gray, flaky substance. Pits numerous, medium to large, round. Surface be- 
tween pits rough and spongy, usually stippled. Grooves for a short distance 
at base end. Short grooves run out obliquely on both sides of ventral edge, 
the angle which they make with the wing being most acute a short distance 
from the base end of the nut. Fibers very large. Inner shell thin. Inner sur- 

