100 BULLETIN 1282, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
overlaid in places or sometimes entirely by thin gray epidermis; old bark 
cracks and exfoliates in large patches. 
Twigs—Medium in vigor, rather stocky. Wood medium brittle. Nodes 
medium size, Internodes medium in length (4 to 14 inches). Bark medium 
tough, light green; patches turning dark red in autumn; considerable waxy 
bloom. 
Lenticels—Vary in number from medium to quite numerous; size small to 
medium (on bark 10 to 12 years old, 7s by % to 3% by 4 inch; average, 3% by 2 
inch: on bark 7 to 9 years old, average, 76 by + inch) ; much raised, rough and 
cracked, gray, large, wide, elliptical; apexes bluntly acute; extreme apexes on 
older ienticels acuminate; shape oval with gently curving sides, some diamond 
shaped; apexes usually widely acute. On young bark lenticels much raised. 
On twigs lenticels numerous, medium in size, roundish, gray green. (See Ph 
XVII, D.) 
Foliage.—Rather dense. Leaves on individual branches medium in number; 
rather large in size or when small borne in bunches on spurs; rather flat or 
slightly recurved. (See Pl. XXIV, B.; 
Blade: Size average rather large (2 by 24 to 12 by 43 inches; average, ~ by 
3 inches). Width varies somewhat. (Ratio of width to length, about 2:7.) 
Shape of mature leaves nearly ovate, with gently tapering point for one-half 
to two-thirds the length of blade; immature leaves elliptical. Base obtuse; 
generally sharply curved at base; origin of margins symmetrical or unsym- 
metrical. Apex generally somewhat cuneiform. Margins crenate; crenations 
rather deep, short to medium in length; bristle short and dark. Color of upper 
surface of blade smooth, medium deep, glossy, dark dull green. Lower surface 
smooth, light dull green. Midrib heavy, prominent, pale green. Veins distinct, 
elevated on lower surface and sometimes very slightly on upper. 
Petiole: Varies somewhat in length (# to 14 inches) ; average long (1 inch) 3 
ratio of length of petiole to length of blade about 1:3; thick; rather rigid; 
pale green on under surface; upper surface light green tinged with red in 
autumn. Groove deep, rather wide. Glands commonly two or three, often 
four, sometimes five or more, rather small, round, or oval, greenish, yellowish, 
or grayish brown. 
Bearing habit—Quite regular; bears moderately heavy crops on spurs. 
Spurs moderately long (4 to 2 inch); rather slender (% inch) but variable; 
disk wide oval, about 7; inch in diameter. Buds free, bluntly pointed, slightly 
constricted at base; scales reddish brown, medium in size, thin, tough, small 
amount of pubescence on edges. 
NUT 
Immature nut.—Quite large (average, 24 by 18 by 14 inches). Shape ovate. 
Ventral edge curves more than dorsal; ridged. Dorsal edge curved. Base 
bluntly round, usually sloping slightly ventrally. Apex bluntly round, wide; 
rudiment small, pubescent. 
Hull: Outer surface light green; pubescence abundant, short, fine, velvety. 
Dehisces on ventral edge only, sometimes cracks a little at apex of dorsal edge; 
opens up well (fig. 14), usually pulling away portions of outer shell; generally 
many fibers show when dehiscence starts. They are almost white at first, 
later drying to light brown; edges curve inward. Date of dehiscence, August 
1 to September 5. 
Hulled nut.—(Pl. XI, B.) Size medium to quite large, variable, but rather 
uniform on same tree (1} by }? by 4 to 14 by = by 4 inches). Number of nuts 
to the pound, 200 to 270. Percentage of kernel to nut in hand-cracked samples, 
65; in machine-cracked orchard run, 42. 
Shape: Rather flat; ovate (edgewise view, oval or oval-ovate, narrowing 
at base and apex). Ventral edge rather thin, much curved, most sharply 
curved at base; wing very thin, very prominent. (Wing and portions of shell 
easily broken off in hulling.) Dorsal edge curved, but not nearly so much as 
ventral; usually thin; dorsal ridge narrow, usually quite prominent, especially 
at base. 3ase thin, obtuseiy pointed (only occasionally is base broadly 
rounded) ; stem scar small, narrow, sloping ventrally, or at right angles to axis; 
ventral shoulder sloping; dorsal shoulder square, projecting above stem scar. 
Apex pointed, but acuteness of apex varies much; wing usually ends in a 
small, thin, sharp, and slightly recurving point. Viewed edgewise nut tapers 
from the middle to the extreme apex, giving the apex a cuneiform appearance, 
