WESTERN" YELLOW PINE IN OREGON. 39 
of them are large enough to produce seed, and will serve for this pur- 
pose in case an accidental surface fire gets into the cut-over area and 
kills off the advance reproduction of seedlings and small saplings. 
Where the yellow pine occurs in small groups in which all the trees 
are of an even age, the cutting should be to a certain extent group- 
wise, it being an object to cut out in toto the groups of very old trees 
and leave almost intact the groups of very thrifty trees. The clean-cut 
gaps should not be made large, since it is wise not to open up the stand too 
heavily and allow drying winds to get at the soil, or chaparral to come 
in and occupy the ground to the exclusion of young yellow pines. 
While the selection method of cutting makes the cost of logging a 
little greater than it would be were every merchantable tree cut, this 
increase is partly, if not wholly, compensated for by the fact that 
the average value of the trees cut by this system is higher. The 
"bull pines" that are left, though merchantable, are so heavy, 
knotty, and sappy that they are not so profitable for the lumberman 
to pay stumpage for and to manufacture as the older " yellow pines." 
In Appendix C (see p. 46) are given, in full, " Instructions for marking 
timber in the yellow-pine region, District 6," which are in effect in the 
administration of timber sales on the National Forests of Oregon. In 
contracts for the sale by the Department of Agriculture of yellow-pine 
stumpage, clauses similar to the following are being used in order to 
provide for the cutting of the timber by the permittees according to 
the methods described above: 
It is agreed that this sale includes all the merchantable dead timber standing and 
down on the areas designated for cutting by the forest officer, and not less than 85 per 
cent by volume of the total stand of merchantable live timber in trees 12 inches and 
over in diameter at a point 4J feet above the ground on such designated areas, to be 
marked for cutting by the forest officer in charge. 
No unnecessary damage shall be done to young growth or to trees left standing, and 
no trees shall be left lodged in the process of felling. Unmarked or undesignated trees 
"which are badly damaged in logging shall be cut if required by the forest officer in charge. 
All marked trees shall be cut. No live timber shall be cut except that marked. 
INTENSIVE UTILIZATION. 
One of the essentials of forestry is to secure a close utilization of 
the forest: to cut all merchantable dead trees and all living trees that 
are ripe for the ax; to cut the inferior species along with the major 
species, so that the forest may not degenerate; to use each tree 
intensively, so that there may be no waste, in high stumps, large tops, 
or in partly defective yet usable portions of the tree. To secure this 
conservative intensive use, provisions similar to the following are 
introduced in National Forest timber-sale contraots, and they are 
proving to be both effective and practical: 
All cutting shall be done with a saw when possible ; stumps shall be cut so as to cause 
the least practicable waste, and not higher than 18 inches on the side adjacent to the 
highest ground, except in unusual cases when, in the discretion of the forest officer in 
charge, this height is not considered practicable; all trees shall be utilized to as low a 
