42 BULLETIN 418, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
2. He can conduct the logging so that the seedlings and saplings, 
small poles, and occasional large unmerchantable yellow pines which 
are present in all stands will be spared and protected against forest 
fires. Misshapen or undersized yellow pines which it will not be 
financially profitable to handle may be allowed to stand, for such 
trees may make useful seed trees. Sometimes loggers now cut 10- 
inch and 12-inch "bull pines" which are so small and yield such 
sappy, knotty lumber that it is doubtful if their contents pay for 
their handling. If such trees were left standing, the owner would be 
out nothing and yet would have his land in better condition for pro- 
ducing a second forest crop; and this would enhance its value even 
though the second crop should not be as good as would be obtained 
under a conservative selection method of cutting. 
3. Every tree both dead and alive of all species should be utilized, 
both in the woods and in the mill, to the utmost degree of practi- 
cability. The saving effected by intensive utilization may help to 
defray the cost of brush disposal. 
4. The brush should be piled and burned or otherwise disposed of, 
so that the area will be immune from subsequent destructive fires. 
Disposal of the brush will also benefit the grazing. The State law 
now requires all slashings to be burned each year. 1 
It may be assumed that the first recommendation will be observed 
anyway by all timberland owners. Of the last three provisions, the 
disposal of the brush is the only one that should cost the operator or 
owner anything, and this piling and burning costs but little more 
than the slash burning required by law of all timberland owners and 
operators throughout the State. It is believed that the small amount 
of money spent in brush piling and burning (perhaps 30 cents for 
each thousand feet cut) is a good investment for the timberland owner 
and will repay him in — 
(a) Increased ease in logging. 
(6) Improved range for stock. 
(c) Added safety of surrounding uncut timber and of adjoining logging investments 
against fire. 
(d) Insurance of the young reserved seedlings and poles (the oncoming crop) 
against disastrous fires during the next few years. 
The observance of these simple principles, which require no revo- 
lution in present logging methods, and which add but a trifle to the 
present logging costs, seems well worth while for the owner who is 
operating in yellow pine and is planning to hold his cut-over land 
anyway. Cut-over land which has a second crop started should be 
worth more some years hence than land that is absolutely denuded. 
And if this second crop is secured without cost other than the charges 
of holding the land, any increase in the value of the land on account 
of its second crop is net gain. 
1 Chapter 278, section 11, Laws of Oregon, 1911. 
