32 BULLETIN 418, TJ. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGEICULTUEE. 
Recent experiments in turpentining western yellow pine in Arizona 
and California x show that its yield of turpentine and rosin is very 
similar to that of the southeastern pines, comparing very favorably 
with that from longleaf pine (Pinus palustris). Although the season 
of flow was four or five weeks shorter in Arizona than in Florida, the 
yield of u gum" was about four-fifths as large for equal periods. 
So far as is known, yellow pine has never been tapped for turpentine 
on a commercial scale in Oregon. In the summers of 1912 and 1913 
experiments were undertaken by the Forest Service in Grant County 
to determine whether yellow pine in this locality would yield enough 
crude gum by the usual methods of tapping and whether its gum 
was of good enough quality to be of commercial value. The results 
obtained were not encouraging. 2 In 1912, 199 cups were hung on 
108 trees and they yielded in a 21-week season 0.111 pound of gum 
per cup per week. In 1913, 201 cups were hung on 101 trees and 
they yielded in a 21-week season only 0.069 pound per cup per week. 
On the basis of 31-week seasons this is only 39 and 28 per cent, 
respectively, of the average Florida yield from longleaf pine. While 
the resin flowed throughout the season and was of good quality, the 
yield was so small as not to be commercially profitable under present 
conditions. The indications are that the nights are too cold and the 
warm season too short to allow of an abundant flow. It is the con- 
clusion that under present economic conditions in the naval-stores 
industry turpentining of yellow pines in Oregon on a commercial 
scale is impracticable. With the exhaustion of the supply of more 
easily tapped trees elsewhere turpentining of yellow pine may become 
profitable. If so, it would undoubtedly have a marked influence 
upon the handling of timberlands and be an added source of revenue 
to their owners. 
LOGGING AND MILLING. 
METHODS OF LOGGING. 
Yellow-pine logging is ordinarily done with horses, various methods 
being used according to the density of the timber, the topography, 
and the length of the haul. 
The timber is felled with the saw (PI. V), and bucked into from 12 to 
20 foot, usually 16-foot, log lengths, sometimes the same crew doing 
tho felling and the bucking, and sometimes the latter operation being 
done by special buckers working singly. The smooth, straight trees 
are utilized to a top diameter inside the bark of 6 or 8 inches, occa- 
sionally to an even lower limit; large trees with heavy branches or 
a crooked main stem are often not usable below 16 inches. Yellow 
1 Forest Service Bulletin 116, " Possibilities of Western Pines as a Source of Naval Stores," by H. S. Betts. 
2 Manuscript reports of J. B. Knapp, assistant district forester, "Turpentining Western Yellow Pine in 
Oregon," and of H. B. Oakleaf, forest examiner, "Turpentining Experiments on Western Yellow Pine 
Conducted on the Whitman National Forest." 
