WESTERN YELLOW PINE IN OEEGON. 31 
inferior to its associates, western larch, Douglas fir, and lodgepole 
pine. It is only the " pitchy" parts of the tree that are durable in the 
ground and are prized for posts. 
PULP. 
Western yellow-pine wood has never been used commercially for 
paper. Experiments made with it at the Forest Products Laboratory 
of the Forest Service indicate that it has decided possibilities for this 
purpose. With the soda process it yielded per cord 1,470 pounds of 
pulp, the fiber of which was strong and of brown color, and which 
would probably make a good grade of wrapping paper. By the 
mechanical process it yielded 2,290 pounds of pulp, which had long 
fibers and was creamy in color, but coarse and suitable only for mak- 
ing manila and other papers where color and coarseness are of no 
importance. 
STOCK GRAZING. 
One minor use, grazing of stock, and a suggested use, the extraction 
of naval stores, deserve especial mention in considering the utilization 
of yellow-pine forests. 
In the yelloW-pine forests of Oregon (except those on ooth slopes 
of the Cascades south of Crater Lake and those on the Siskiyou 
Mountains in southern Oregon and on some of the pumice-stone land 
toward the head of the Deschutes River) the trees are so open-grown 
and the woods are so free of underbrush that a good herbaceous 
vegetation suitable for forage springs up each year. The character 
of the vegetation depends upon the region, but it usualty consists in 
part of a variety of grasses and in part of " weeds" (annual flowering 
plants). In the Blue Mountains the herbage is rather more luxuriant 
and varied than on the eastern slopes of the Cascades and their out- 
standing ranges. In the early summer the open yellow-pine forests 
of the former region are as green with fresh herbage as a lawn, except 
here and there where the green is tinged with patches of yellow or 
purple flowers. Some of this luxuriant herbage is pine grass (Cala- 
magrostis sp.), a plant which is not eaten by stock except very eany 
in the season; but much of the ground cover makes excellent range 
for cattle and* sheep. Nearly all the yellow-pine land in the State 
which is not too brushy or too sandy is grazed by one or the other of 
these classes of stock. It is thought that 3 acres will support a 
grown sheep (or a ewe and lamb) during the summer season, and 15 
acres will support a cow. This makes the forage worth annually 
5 or 10 cents an acre, which is a very decided additional revenue for 
the owners of forest land. 
TURPENTINING. 
In several particulars western yellow pine is similar to longleaf 
pine (Pinus palustris) of the South Atlantic and Gulf States, which 
is so valuable as a source of naval stores — turpentine and rosin. 
